金砖四国峰会结束领导人同意建立开发银行

 　　DURBAN, March 27 (Xinhua) -- The 5th BRICS summit ended Wednesday with leaders agreeing to establish a development bank, while several agreements were signed to strengthen cooperation within the grouping and enhance engagement with other emerging and developing economies.

　　New BRICS chairperson and South African President Jacob Zuma told a media briefing early Wednesday afternoon that following a report from the finance ministers, the leaders were satisfied that the establishment of the bank was feasible and viable¹.

　　This was after the consideration that developing countries faced challenges of infrastructure² development due to insufficient³ long-term financing and direct investment, especially in capital stock, and constrained⁴ aggregate⁵ demand.

　　As a result, there was need for BRICS cooperation towards more productive use of global financial resources to make a positive contribution to the process.

　　"We have agreed to establish the new development bank. The initial capital contributions for the bank should be substantial and sufficient for the bank to be effective in financing infrastructure," he said.

　　The development bank would be based on the needs of the BRICS countries which require about 4.5 trillion U.S. dollars over the next five years for infrastructural⁶ development, he said.

　　Zuma added that BRICS leaders had also in June 2012 tasked finance ministers and central bank governors to explore the construction of a financial safety net leading to the creation of a Contingent⁷ Reserve Arrangement (CRA) within BRICS countries.

　　Leaders agreed that the creation of the CRA with an initial size of 100 billion U.S. dollars was also viable subject to internal legal frameworks and appropriate safeguards.

　　"We direct our finance ministers and central bank governors to continue working towards its establishment. We are grateful to our

　　finance ministers and central bank governors for the work undertaken on the new development bank and contingent reserve arrangement.

　　"We direct them to negotiate and conclude the agreement which will establish them. We will review progress made in these two initiatives at our net meeting in September 2013," he said.

　　Agreements signed during the summit included one on green economy cooperation co-financing and another on infrastructure co- financing for Africa.

　　The leaders also launched the BRICS Business Council, which will provide business to business linkages⁸ within the grouping, while an agreement on the establishment of a BRICS Think-Tanks Council that was signed on March 11 was formally declared.

　　They also recognized the 5th BRICS Academic Forum⁹ and the role of academics in fostering dialogue.

　　Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh urged BRICS nations to promote the forum by allowing academics to share their unique experiences, particularly in the areas of energy, food security, education, health care, sustainable development, information technology and public service.

　　"Our roadmap of the future should focus on deepening of our existing cooperation."

　　The foremost challenge facing the BRICS nations was to respond to persistent¹⁰ weaknesses in the global economy, he said.

　　"Recognizing that BRICS countries will remain key drivers to global economic growth, we should further sustain our growth by harnessing opportunities and investment ties between ourselves," he said, adding that they should exploit their complementarities for their mutual¹¹ benefit taking into consideration their unique resources and strengths.

　　Singh also highlighted the challenges of terrorism and piracy¹² and said that it was incumbent¹³ upon the nations to use their collective voice and capacity to make an effective and meaningful contribution to these challenges and foster global peace and security.

　　Russian President Vladmir Putin said he hoped that BRICS nations would continue working on a professional level and called for the strengthening of technological¹⁴ and industrial markets while special attention should be given to expanding business ties.

　　He also encouraged the promotion¹⁵ of the green economy for sustainable development: "We will need to implement¹⁶ the highest environmental standards."

　　China's President Xi Jinping said the leaders of the five BRICS countries were full of confidence in the potential of the grouping saying that the countries shared broad common interests and that the establishment of the development bank would unlock the potential for BRICS cooperation.

　　He called for greater balance to the global economy and greater democracy in international relations, pledged China's continued readiness to play a part in forging ahead BRICS ties and added that China had already established strategic partnerships¹⁷ with others.

　　Besides the summit proper, BRICS nations also signed bilateral¹⁸ agreements among themselves as they sought to cement relations within the context of the transcontinental grouping.

　　Addressing a plenary session earlier in the morning, Zuma said it was appropriate that the leaders celebrate BRICS achievements, including its further contributions to the strengthening of the global agenda to ensure a more equitable¹⁹ and prosperous world.

　　"The BRICS Forum offers member states the opportunity of amplifying²⁰ voices for political, financial, economic and social interests around common goals and development agenda based on shared values."

　　He said there was need to forge a paradigm²¹ shift in global relations and cooperation.

　　"BRICS countries continue to power, stabilize²² and support the global economy. We, however, should remain vigilant²³ to underlying²⁴ weaknesses and risks in the global economy."

　　He said BRICS countries would continue to consider crisis situations in the world and would coordinate²⁵ closely as they sought to achieve global peace and security in line with the United Nations Charter.

　　The shared vision of integration²⁶ and industrialization would remain at the core of BRICS cooperation, he said.

　　There was need for emerging countries to enjoy the fruits of their resource endowments by shifting from primary to industrial development and thus beneficiate their goods.

　　Shifting to his country, he said South Africa was keen to learn from the experiences of others and wanted to upgrade about 3.2 million youths into formal employment while enhancing skills development.

1 viable   

adj.可行的，切实可行的，能活下去的

参考例句：

• The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
• The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。

2 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

3 insufficient   

adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的

参考例句：

• There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。
• In their day scientific knowledge was insufficient to settle the matter.在他们的时代，科学知识还不能足以解决这些问题。

4 constrained   

adj.束缚的,节制的

参考例句：

• The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服，他觉得不得不接受。
• I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。

5 aggregate   

adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合

参考例句：

• The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
• The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。

6 infrastructural   

adj.基础结构的基础设施的

参考例句：

• Must increase the investment dynamics unceasingly, strengthens the countryside infrastructural facilities. 要不断加大投入力度，加强农村基础设施建设。 来自互联网
• In the 1980s, India started with some infrastructural advantages over China. 1980年代，印度在某些基础设施方面优于中国。 来自互联网

7 contingent   

adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队

参考例句：

• The contingent marched in the direction of the Western Hills.队伍朝西山的方向前进。
• Whether or not we arrive on time is contingent on the weather.我们是否按时到达要视天气情况而定。

8 linkages   

n.连接( linkage的名词复数 )；结合；联系；联动装置

参考例句：

• Only the thermosetting resins provide a strong cohesive forces; this is due to molecular cross linkages. 只有热固性树脂具有巨大的凝聚力，这是由于分子交错链所造成的。 来自辞典例句
• The linkages between the stable units must be as near as possible of equal stability. 稳定链节之间的键必须有尽可能接近的稳定性。 来自辞典例句

9 forum   

n.论坛，讨论会

参考例句：

• They're holding a forum on new ways of teaching history.他们正在举行历史教学讨论会。
• The organisation would provide a forum where problems could be discussed.这个组织将提供一个可以讨论问题的平台。

10 persistent   

adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的

参考例句：

• Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days.艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
• She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions.他不时地向她大献殷勤，使她很难为情。

11 mutual   

adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的

参考例句：

• We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
• Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。

12 piracy   

n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害

参考例句：

• The government has already adopted effective measures against piracy.政府已采取有效措施惩治盗版行为。
• They made the place a notorious centre of piracy.他们把这地方变成了臭名昭著的海盗中心。

13 incumbent   

adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的

参考例句：

• He defeated the incumbent governor by a large plurality.他以压倒多数票击败了现任州长。
• It is incumbent upon you to warn them.你有责任警告他们。

14 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

15 promotion   

n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传

参考例句：

• The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
• The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级，加了薪。

16 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

17 partnerships   

n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系

参考例句：

• Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句

18 bilateral   

adj.双方的，两边的，两侧的

参考例句：

• They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
• There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题，两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。

19 equitable   

adj.公平的；公正的

参考例句：

• This is an equitable solution to the dispute. 这是对该项争议的公正解决。
• Paying a person what he has earned is equitable. 酬其应得,乃公平之事。

20 amplifying   

放大，扩大( amplify的现在分词 )； 增强； 详述

参考例句：

• Often they use borrowed funds, amplifying their gains and losses. 他们通常会用借贷的资金交易，从而放大收益或损失。
• An amplifying type (or analog) device, as opposed to digital device. 放大器类（或模拟）器件，相对于数字器件而言的。

21 paradigm   

n.例子，模范，词形变化表

参考例句：

• He had become the paradigm of the successful man. 他已经成为成功人士的典范。
• Moreover,the results of this research can be the new learning paradigm for digital design studios.除此之外，本研究的研究成果也可以为数位设计课程建立一个新的学习范例。

22 stabilize   

vt.（使）稳定，使稳固，使稳定平衡；vi.稳定

参考例句：

• They are eager to stabilize currencies.他们急于稳定货币。
• His blood pressure tended to stabilize.他的血压趋向稳定。

23 vigilant   

adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的

参考例句：

• He has to learn how to remain vigilant through these long nights.他得学会如何在这漫长的黑夜里保持警觉。
• The dog kept a vigilant guard over the house.这只狗警醒地守护着这所房屋。

24 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

25 coordinate   

adj.同等的，协调的；n.同等者；vt.协作，协调

参考例句：

• You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
• Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。

26 integration   

n.一体化，联合，结合

参考例句：

• We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.我们正在努力实现欧盟內部更加紧密的政治一体化。
• This was the greatest event in the annals of European integration.这是欧洲统一史上最重大的事件。