英语口语教程(高级) UNIT 3-4

[00:01.00]Lesson 3 Should the Brain Drain Be Stopped by Restrictions?;
[00:00.30]II.Read;
[00:00.61]The current policy of developing the export-oriented economy;
[00:05.81]in the coastal areas;
[00:07.61]has stimulated the Shanghai people's desire to head off for foreign parts.;
[00:14.03]And,according to the Shanghai-based Jiefang Daily,;
[00:19.02]the best way for them to do this is to engage in business;
[00:23.60]or provide labour and technical services to other countries.;
[00:29.26]Shanghai has too many people chasing too few jobs,;
[00:34.81]so this surplus labour force could solve the labour shortages;
[00:39.80]which exist in some other parts of the world.;
[00:43.81]Workers monthly wages abroad;
[00:47.26]can be 100 times what they are in China--;
[00:50.81]although the cost of living is likely to be much higher in some countries.;
[00:56.83]Furthermore,while working overseas,;
[01:00.68]the Chinese workers would get the chance to learn advanced technology;
[01:06.08]and to become entrepreneurs and specialists,;
[01:09.63]thus promoting-trade and economic cooper- ation between China and other countries.;
[01:17.35]Jiefang Daily suggests local authorities;
[01:21.97]should take the following measures to promote exports of labour:;
[01:27.07]Set up labour service groups to undertake contractu- al projects abroad.;
[01:34.01]Shanghai workers have taken part in many overseas proje- cts in the past,;
[01:40.65]such as construction of railways, factories and other buildings.;
[01:46.46]With their high reputation,;
[01:49.34]they would be a force to be reckoned with on the world labour market.;
[01:54.99]Establish employer- employee introduc- tion offices.;
[02:00.55]Drivers,repairmen, nurses,housemaids, hairdressers,;
[02:07.39]cooks and workers involved in gardening and construction;
[02:12.38]are in great demand in many countries and these offices;
[02:17.01]could provide train- ing and act as a bridge between empl- oyers and employees.;
[02:24.16]Encourage people to look for jobs themselves.;
[02:29.25]As many Shanghai residents have relatives overseas,;
[02:33.67]they could easily get help in finding work abroad.;
[02:38.92]Promote co-operation between the State and individuals.;
[02:44.93]If local people are encouraged to work abroad,;
[02:48.95]workers with special skills would flow out of the country,;
[02:53.78]thus creating a brain drain.;
[02:56.87]To solve the problem consideration must be given;
[03:01.65]to both State and private interests.;
[03:05.76]When workers go abroad at their own expense,the enterpr- ises they work for;
[03:12.76]should give them favourable treatment when they return.;
[03:17.23]While working overseas,;
[03:19.86]the workers should help their enterprises open up to the world market.;
[03:25.77]Shanghai residents have strong aspirat- ions to expand their living space;
[03:32.76]and they are good at trading.;
[03:35.54]But first priority should be given to entrepreneurs;
[03:40.43]who are brave enough to journey out into the world and build success.;
[03:46.60]Before the founding of new China,;
[03:50.66]a number of world- renowned figures;
[03:53.65]such as shipping magnate Pao Yue Kang and the computer king;
[03:58.79]Wang An were raised in Shanghai.;
[04:01.93]It is expected that a group of new magnates;
[04:05.99]will emerge when Shanghai entrepren- eurs enter the world economy.;
[04:11.54]Now that Shanghai is capable of building 100,000-ton-class vessels;
[04:18.59]and manufacturing sophisticated precision building machines,;
[04:23.37]powerful generators, colour televisions and bicycles,;
[04:28.26]there is no reason;
[04:29.85]why the city could not create a group of world-class shipping kings,;
[04:34.58]building machine kings and bicycle kings.;
[04:39.27]With a solid indust- rial foundation and technical force,;
[04:44.51]Shanghai could also set up factories;
[04:47.49]and shops overseas to compete with foreign counterparts;
[04:52.89]Shanghai-made brands very popular at home now,;
[04:57.93]will surely capture a slice of the world market if sales pro- motion is emphasized;
[05:04.98]Shanghai produces quality cloth shoes of good workmanship.;
[05:10.74]But its exports are $1.1 billion dollars annually,;
[05:16.14]only half of Taiwan's total,;
[05:19.12]due to the neglect of sales promotion overseas.;
[05:23.55]Shanghai boasts numerous specialists in the fields of science,;
[05:29.56]technology,culture and education.;
[05:33.94]These experts could earn a good deal of foreign exchange for the State;
[05:39.75]if technical services were offered;
[05:42.47]to countries that badly need skilled workers in high-tech industries;
[05:48.65]The city can also directly export technology;
[05:53.89]and software and contract scientific research projects abroad,;
[05:59.39]as it possesses advantages in the fields of laser, optical fibre,;
[06:06.39]microelectronics and biological engineer- ing technology.;
[06:12.51]Lesson 4 Does Criticism Do More Harm Than Good to People?;
[06:21.46]Text A Young Woman Who Fears Compliments;
[06:27.73]Marya, a brilliant graduate student in her early twenties;
[06:34.11]who came for consultation,;
[06:36.32]insisted that she could improve only with criticism.;
[06:41.47]Her reasoning was that she knew the good qualities;
[06:46.45]but that she did not know the bad ones.;
[06:49.85]To have more knowl- edge of her negative qualities,she believed,;
[06:54.68]would add to her self-understanding;
[06:57.41]and thus enable her to see herself more completely.;
[07:01.83]Marya,in effect, refused to acknowle- dge and to understa- nd her strengths.;
[07:09.44]She had assembled detailed lists of her negative qualities;
[07:14.64]which she used daily to support an extre- mely negative view of herself.;
[07:20.29]But they were either exaggerated or unreal.;
[07:25.08]Despite her attract- iveness to others,;
[07:28.83]she convinced herself that she was ugly.;
[07:32.23]When her family bought her new and well-designed artic- les of clothing;
[07:37.68](she seldom bought any herself)she left them hanging in the closet for weeks;
[07:43.85]before wearing them once.;
[07:46.32]When someone compli- mented her on what she wore  and asked whether it was new,;
[07:53.11]she could honestly answer no. She did not "deserve" to wear new clothes,;
[08:01.03]could not bear the pain of hearing compliments,;
[08:05.55]of seeing herself as intelligent,pretty, or worthwhile.;
[08:11.31]As a child, Marya had received little or no criticism from her parents.;
[08:18.52]She was prized by them.;
[08:21.24]Their major disappo- intment in her apparently;
[08:25.25]was that she often rejected their over trues of kindness and appreciation,;
[08:31.12]not in anger but in embarrassment,as though she were undeserving.;
[08:37.90]This seemingly mild- mannered young woman;
[08:41.86]exceptionally courteous and considerate to others,;
[08:46.96]held onto her own negative self-judgment with tenacity.;
[08:52.72]Finally, friends and interested faculty members;
[08:58.32]quit acceding to her persuasive requests for criticism;
[09:02.69]that they could not honestly give.;
[09:05.42]Instead,they gently, but firmly;
[09:09.17]confronted her with her own blindness to what she truly was like.;
[09:14.68]II Read;
[09:19.05]Read the following passages. Underline the important view- points while reading;
[09:26.81]1.Unfair Criticism;
[09:32.11]Stuart is a typical sixteen-year-old boy;
[09:36.79]who experienced and suffered from the criticism of an alcoholic parent.;
[09:42.76]It seemed to Stuart the only thing his father ever had to say to him was,;
[09:49.45]"You haven't got a brain in your head.";
[09:52.38]Stuart was a sophomore in high school.;
[09:56.65]It was true he was a poor student,or what his dean called an "underachiever".;
[10:03.79]Even though Stuart knew he was an underachiever,;
[10:08.22]he would have liked to hear his father say,just once,;
[10:12.38]something else when he brought home his report card other than his usual,;
[10:17.94]"You haven't got a brain in your head.";
[10:21.02]Stuart was determin- ed to prove to his father he did have a brain in his head.;
[10:27.55]Stuart studied very hard.;
[10:31.00]Some nights it was difficult for him to concentrate on his homework;
[10:36.56]because he could hear his parents bickering in the next room.;
[10:41.65]"You forgot to pay the mortgage again. The bank is fed up.";
[10:46.84]"How many times can a person smash up a car?;
[10:50.39]I'm surprised they haven't taken your license away! ";
[10:53.73]"If you wouldn't drink so much ...";
[10:56.56]Stuart didn't like the bickering,and wondered if his par- ents might separate.;
[11:02.78]He wondered,too,bec- ause his father was so forgetful about paying the bills,;
[11:09.11]if they might lose their home.;
[11:11.68]He kept telling himself that if he studied hard,;
[11:16.00]maybe, by some miracle, things would get better at home.;
[11:21.40]Stuart's determina- tion to concentrate on his school work,;
[11:26.29]in spite of the bickering and worries at home, paid off.;
[11:30.76]His next report card showed a marked improvement.;
[11:35.39]There was even a personal note of praise;
[11:38.94]from his dean written on the report card.;
[11:42.54]Proudly Stuart put the report card on his father's desk.;
[11:47.89]Stuart felt happier than he had felt in a long time.;
[11:52.57]He knew that his father could only be pleased with such a report,;
[11:57.56]but more important, maybe now his father would realize;
[12:02.03]that he was intelli- gent and would start paying some attention to him.;
[12:07.07]Stuart could remember;
[12:09.23]when his father used to go to  ball games and movies with him.;
[12:13.76]Who knew? Maybe things would go back to the way they used to be.;
[12:18.75]Stuart would offer to get a part-time job to help pay off some of the bills.;
[12:25.13]He thought that might lessen some of the arguing at home;
[12:29.34]and keep the family from breaking up.;
[12:32.22]He would let his father know;
[12:34.69]that he was old eno- ugh to understand things weren't always easy at the office.;
[12:40.35]When Stuart's father came home and saw the report,;
[12:45.39]he said without any hesitation, "Well, well,who did the work for you?;
[12:51.61]I know you don't have the brains to do it! ";
[12:54.85]Stuart was stunned. All that work for nothing!;
[12:59.33]He wouldn't be surprised;
[13:01.23]if his father not only thought he was stupid but hated him, too.;
[13:06.84]Stuart would not have been as hurt;
[13:10.23]if he had only known his father was tied up in his own miserable feelings.;
[13:16.61]This kept him from recognizing what Stuart had accompli- shed in school.;
[13:23.50]2. Uses of Criticism;
[13:29.26]While some of us have a tendency to disbelieve;
[13:33.89]or to minimize the good things people say about us,;
[13:37.95]others among us have a tendency to hold a protective web around ourselves;
[13:44.23]in defense against criticism.;
[13:47.31]One workshop participant said,;
[13:50.55]"I confuse the issue by getting logical in the face of thre- atening reactions.;
[13:56.88]Sometimes I act helpless so others will stop the criticism.";
[14:02.79]Early in the work- shop experience;
[14:06.09]he had received more negative than positive reactions.;
[14:10.61]While he was fearful of criticism,he found that he had courted it,;
[14:16.89]hoping that he could learn how to handle it and overcome his fear.;
[14:22.08]We may court negative reactions for other reasons.;
[14:26.76]A therapy group mem- ber regarded critic- ism as more useful than compliments,;
[14:33.60]and criticism is what he often got-- not because he asked for it directly,;
[14:40.96]but because of his detached manner,;
[14:43.78]as though he were sitting in judgment of others.;
[14:47.28]Moreover,his tendency to qualify;
[14:51.31]and hedge his opinions and feelings;
[14:53.71]until they had no meaning often brought down the ire of others upon him.;
[14:59.73]He gave the impres- sion of accepting their displeasure stoically,;
[15:04.56]as though it strengthened him.;
[15:07.13]He never openly criticized other members,  however.;
[15:11.66]Still another member who claimed that" criticism is the st- uff that we grow on;
[15:18.65]gave others criticism galore so they could improve and, in his words,;
[15:25.03]"not appear in a negative light in the future.";
[15:29.40]This member came across as using his ostensible concern;
[15:33.77]for the growth of others as an excuse to criticize and attack them.;
[15:39.84]3.Is It Right to   Withhold One's   Reactions to   Others?;
[15:47.51]It is not uncommon for us to withhold our reactions to others.;
[15:53.99]We may hold back compliments;
[15:56.82]for fear of embarra- ssment to them and to ourselves.;
[16:01.24]We may hold back criticism for fear of being disliked or considered unfair;
[16:07.92]or for fear of hurting another person.;
[16:11.37]Reactions given inconsiderately may indeed hurt others.;
[16:17.70]On the other hand, some of us are inclined to withhold our reactions;
[16:22.89]from others while at the same time we honestly prefer;
[16:27.62]that they not hold back theirs from us. We may have two different rules.;
[16:34.05]The first one may be:If we ask others for can did reacti- ons to our behavior,;
[16:40.58]to something we have done or plan to do,;
[16:44.08]we want them to tell us straight,includ- ing the negative with the positive.;
[16:50.36]It second rule may be:If someone else asks us for similar reactions,;
[16:57.30]we are inclined to hold back or gloss over the negative and embroider positive.;
[17:04.40]4.Criticism Is a   Kind of Demand on   Those Criticized;
[17:12.32]As children,many of us got a great deal of criticism and,;
[17:18.33]as a result,learned a variety of patterns for coping with it.;
[17:24.15]Marya had apparently received little criticism,;
[17:28.98]but,knowing that she was not perfect and deserved what other children got,;
[17:35.61]developed her own patterns of self judgment and censure.;
[17:40.40]Being judged,whether we are underestimated or overestimated,;
[17:46.78]usually implies a demand,subtle or direct,that we change.;
[17:53.10]If others do not demand change,we may feel the need to demand it of ourselves;
[18:00.25]Reactions that are relatively free from attempts to change or discredit us,;
[18:06.68]given by someone who cares for us,;
[18:09.77]and with the intention of letting us know what impressions we are making,;
[18:14.75]may be easier to take.If, however,;
[18:19.54]our usual reaction is to defend ourselves,;
[18:23.70]even mild criticism or impressions given gently without demands;
[18:29.48]that we change may play havoc with our defensive structure;
[18:34.50]and become difficult to handle.;
[18:38.00]5.How to Handle   Criticism;
[18:44.79]The surgeon reached over and jerked the syringe out of the nurse's hand.;
[18:51.94]"Jane, that's the sloppiest injection I've ever seen! " he snapped.;
[18:57.75]Quickly his fingers found the vein she had been searching for.;
[19:03.15]Cheeks burning,Jane turned away.;
[19:06.55]Ten years later, Jane's voice still trembles when she re- lates the experience;
[19:13.90]Some of our male co-workers have it easier.;
[19:18.17]They grew up encouraged to play team sports,;
[19:21.92]and they had to handle a coach's yells when they dropped the ball.;
[19:26.81]Now they can see that a goof on the job is like dropping the ball in football;
[19:34.32]the fumble is embarrassing,but you take it in stride and go on.;
[19:40.49]But for most women, the path to success was different.;
[19:45.74]As girls,we grew up wanting to be popular;;
[19:49.95]we were praised for what we were,not for what we did.;
[19:54.89]So our reaction to criticism is often, "Someone doesn't like me.;
[20:00.34]I failed to please. I'm a failure.";
[20:04.20]"I get defensive," says Rhonda, a teacher,;
[20:08.57]"When someone criti- cizes me, suddenly I'm a little girl again,;
[20:13.30]being scolded,and, I want to make excuses.;
[20:17.21]I want to explain that it's not my fault--it's someone else's,;
[20:21.89]or I want to hide and cry.";
[20:24.87]6.Take a Tactful   Approach;
[20:30.27]How about giving criticism?;
[20:33.46]The old "I-want-to- be-liked" syndrome;
[20:37.11]can make it as hard to give criticism as to take it.;
[20:41.95]Karen thinks she's found the answer.;
[20:45.65]"Two weeks after I was promoted to first-line supervi- sor," she remembers,;
[20:52.23]"I had to tell a friend;
[20:54.17]that she was in trouble for not turning in her week- ly reports on time.;
[20:59.14]My boss suggested that I tell Judy I didn't want to fix the blame--;
[21:05.09]I just wanted to fix the problem.;
[21:08.04]That was wonderful advice.;
[21:10.84]It allowed me to state the problem objectively to Judy;
[21:15.26]and she offered the solution. ";
[21:18.24]Criticism in the workplace,whether you're giving it or getting it,;
[21:24.84]is always more effective;
[21:26.95]when you focus on the task rather than on the person.;
[21:31.12]Fixing the problem, not the blame,;
[21:34.90]means that nobody has to feel chewed out or chewed-up.;
[21:39.31]We can still feel whole and learn something in the process.;
[21:45.72]Lesson 5 Is it Good for Students to Have Part-time Jobs?;
[21:54.65]Text School Part-timers;
[22:00.74]More and more high school students in Beijing;
[22:05.13]are turning their minds to Ways of making money.;
[22:09.50]They are capitaliz- ing on opportunities such as one group of students;
[22:15.64]who went to the front gate of the Children's Centre;
[22:19.07]in the East District of Beijing;
[22:21.45]when a film studio was there conducting auditions.;
[22:25.93]The group sold the young hopefuls application forms;
[22:30.69]at five fen a piece After getting the forms from the center for free.;
[22:36.67]Young entrepreneurs are also capitaliz ing on high demand commodities;
[22:43.27]not always available away from the big shopping centers.;
[22:48.26]Birthday or greeting cards.Are an example.;
[22:52.74]One department store estimated that;
[22:55.93]80 per cent of its sales of cards are to students for resale.;
[23:01.60]Xiao Li,a junior hi- gh school student at Fengtai District in the southwest region;
[23:08.77]Of the capital,spent 40 yuan buying cards from downtown shops;
[23:14.20]just before the Last Spring Festival.;
[23:17.60]She sold them at her school;
[23:20.39]and schools nearby at prices 15 to 20 per cent higher than what she had paid.;
[23:27.66]In a month she earned 100 yuan,;
[23:31.38]representing a 250 percent return on he initial investment.;
[23:37.67]A-senior high school student who had been selling cards;
[23:42.68]has now become an amateur wholesale dealer.;
[23:46.26]His wholesale price is 8 per cent higher than his purchasing price;
[23:51.85]and 10 per cent lower than the retail prices.;
[23:55.35]Within two months, he had earned several hundred yuan in profits.;
[24:01.47]Many students have merged their activi- ties to avoid price wars.;
[24:08.20]For example,in an area with few State- owned shops;
[24:12.92]and far from the city centre,;
[24:15.15]student union heads from the schools there;
[24:18.42]have reached an agreement on card prices.;
[24:21.77]The agreement says prices may be higher than at the downtown shops;
[24:27.64]but lower than at the peddlers' stalls;
[24:31.12]Card-selling is just a beginning.;
[24:34.71]Some students turn their eyes to other more profitable ventures.;
[24:39.99]Take one senior high school sophomore;
[24:43.40]who has developed a flourishing business selling photos of famous people.;
[24:49.38]He even has his own name card that reads:;
[24:53.21]The High School Student Corporation Ltd of Exploitation of New Technology.;
[24:59.65]The student carries a portfolios of the photos around with him in an album;
[25:05.94]to show his young customers.;
[25:08.34]He offers a wide variety of photos, from American movie stars,;
[25:14.19]Sylvester Stallone in Rambo pose to Taiwan's famous singer Qi Qin,;
[25:21.41]"These all depend on my high quality camera, ";
[25:25.14]he boasts and explains how he clipped the pictures from magazines,;
[25:30.46]photographed them and then developed the prints into various sizes.;
[25:35.69]He has sold hundreds;
[25:38.41]Another student is now an amateur salesman for a company;
[25:43.75]and earns a three per cent commission on each sale.;
[25:48.12]When he had earned 300 yuan through his own efforts,;
[25:53.00]he said,"I feel that I have really become an adult.";
[25:57.92]Most of the money the students earn is spent on themselves.;
[26:03.39]They can buy high- priced items like a pair of running shoes;
[26:08.30]which can cost as much as 100 yuan--a month's salary for an average worker.;
[26:15.09]Few parents can afford such luxuries;
[26:19.18]Some students find work to help them realize their dreams of a career.;
[26:25.78]Qian Qian wants to become an actress.;
[26:29.62]In her spare time she attends a class outside school;
[26:34.32]that costs 80 yuan a month in tuition,;
[26:37.80]an amount which her parents cannot afford to pay.;
[26:41.95]So she found a job as a waitress in a coffee house to earn her tuition fee.;
[26:48.74]Some students get into business for other reasons besides the money.;
[26:55.08]Zou Yue,a female student, from a fairly wealthy family,;
[27:00.72]took a job because, she said,;
[27:03.09]"Business can cultivate a sense of competition,;
[27:06.48]which is very important for us in the future.";
[27:10.46]A student who once sold cards;
[27:13.80]said young people are encouraged to be independent. "But how?" he asked.;
[27:20.32]"You can never be independent unless you can support you- rself financially.";
[27:26.04]He felt after-school work enhanced a young person's soci- al development,too.;
[27:32.52]Practical experience in the workforce has been stipulated;
[27:37.82]by the State Commis- sion of Education as a compulsory programme.;
[27:43.24]This is now closely related with econom- ic benefits among high school students;
[27:50.37]One student,sent by her school to work as a shop assistant at a temple fair,;
[27:57.07]earned five yuan a day for a seven-hour shift behind the counter.;
[28:02.71]"I had a sore throat after working for a few days, but I had to hold on,"she said;
[28:09.45]"I wanted to earn the money and also prove that I was an able girl.";
[28:14.92]These temporary job stints give high school students an insight;
[28:20.44]into what work and incomes are all about,;
[28:23.80]A job at a State- owned cinema may on- ly earn a worker 40 or 50 yuan a month.;
[28:31.60]But a job with a self-employed trader;
[28:34.67]may earn the assistant 8 or 10 yuan a day.;
[28:38.63]A writer may get about 20 yuan for an article in a newspa- per or a magazine,;
[28:45.38]but a clothes keeper in a swimming pool may earn at least 200 yuan a month.;