2019年经济学人 印尼经济—基础设施建立之后(2)

 

Unemployment for 15- to 24-year-olds stands at 16%,

15岁到24岁人群的失业率为16%，

which is high by regional standards and three times the rate for the working-age population as a whole.

该比例按地区标准衡量偏高，且是整个劳动年龄人口比例的三倍。

That may be partly because young people are holding out for plum jobs in the civil service,

部分原因或许是因为年轻人正在为公务员的美差而苦苦挣扎，

where kickbacks¹ are easily extracted, or in the natural-resources sector², where pay is high, says Chris Manning of Australia National University.

公务员容易拿回扣，或是薪水很高的自然资源部门，澳大利亚国立大学的Chris Manning说到。

But youth unemployment is highest among university graduates, suggesting a mismatch between the skills taught and those needed.

但青年失业率在大学毕业生中最高，这表明教授技能和所需技能并不匹配。

Hence an idea popular among policy wonks: to improve vocational schools and government training schemes.

因此一种想法在政治专家中很流行：改进职业学校和政府培训计划。

School reforms would take a generation to be felt,

学校改革需要一代人的时间才能感受到，

but better training for the existing labour force could create more jobs within a year, argues Chatib Basri, a former finance minister.

但对现有劳动力进行更好的培训可以在一年内创造更多的就业机会，前财政部长Chatib Basri说到。

That would give Jokowi the political capital and momentum³ he needs to press for further changes.

这将给维多多他所需的政治资本和动力推动进一步改革。

The reform economists⁴ think would be most effective would be to make it easier for foreigners to invest.

经济学家认为最有效的改革是让国外投资变得更加容易。

A study by the OECD found that Indonesia's rules for foreign direct investment (FDI)

OECD的一项研究发现印尼的国外直接投资（FDI）规定

were the third-most restrictive out of 68 rich and middle-income countries.

是68个富裕和中等收入国家中第三严格的。

FDI as a share of GDP has averaged 1.5% over the past three years, among the lowest in the region.

过去三年，FDI占GDP的比重平均为1.5%，是该地区最低的。

Red tape makes it hard for foreign workers to move to Indonesia. They are less than 1% of the workforce⁵.

繁文缛节使外籍员工难以移民印尼。他们占劳动力比例不足1%。

Loosening these rules would help to revive the ailing⁶ manufacturing sector.

放宽这些规定将帮助复兴落后的制造业。

Indonesia struggles to compete with neighbours with better infrastructure⁷ and lower payroll⁸ costs.

印尼难以和拥有更好基础设施建设和更低薪工成本的邻国竞争。

That is particularly the case in export-oriented industries such as smartphone assembly and shoemaking.

在智能手机组装和制鞋等出口导向型行业尤其如此。

In Vietnam the value of imports plus exports is around 195% of GDP; in Indonesia it is about 43%.

在越南，进口加出口的价值大约是GDP的195%；在印尼，约43%。

Cutting import restrictions⁹ would also help.

减少进口限制也会有所帮助。

Mr Basri points out that 90% of Indonesia's imports are raw materials or capital goods, such as machinery¹⁰, which keep factories humming.

Basri指出印尼90%的进口是原材料或生产资料，如帮助工厂运营的机器。

An influx¹¹ of foreign firms could have direct benefits for the education system, too.

外国公司的涌入也会给教育体系带来直接的好处。

In Malaysia and Thailand, unlike Indonesia, foreigners can establish and operate universities.

和印尼不一样，在马来西亚和泰国，外国人可以建立、经营大学。

Moreover, foreigners could help train Indonesians. Skills are taught at least as well on the factory floor as in the classroom.

此外，外国人可以帮助训练印尼人。至少在工厂教授的技能和在学校里的一样好。

Google has launched a scholarship to teach Indonesian students to code; it says it has already trained 110,000 app developers.

谷歌成立了一项奖学金用于教印尼学生编码；其表示已经培训出了110000位应用开发工程师。

Jokowi's aim of upskilling Indonesia is admirable. The best way to do it is to attract skill-hungry businesses.

维多多提高印尼人技术的目标是值得赞赏的。提高技能最好的方法是吸引急需技能的企业。

1 kickbacks   

n.激烈反应( kickback的名词复数 )；佣金，回扣

参考例句：

• Everyone at City Hall is receiving kickbacks. It's the only way to get anything done there. 市政府里的每个人都收回扣，在那里只有送红包，事情才办得成。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• G raft or kickbacks paid to officials or law enforcem ent authorities. 暗中付给官员或执法人员的回扣。 来自互联网

2 sector   

n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形

参考例句：

• The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
• The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。

3 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

4 economists   

n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
• Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 workforce   

n.劳动大军，劳动力

参考例句：

• A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.劳动人口中一大部分受雇于农业。
• A quarter of the local workforce is unemployed.本地劳动力中有四分之一失业。

6 ailing   

v.生病

参考例句：

• They discussed the problems ailing the steel industry. 他们讨论了困扰钢铁工业的问题。
• She looked after her ailing father. 她照顾有病的父亲。

7 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

8 payroll   

n.工资表，在职人员名单，工薪总额

参考例句：

• His yearly payroll is $1.2 million.他的年薪是120万美元。
• I can't wait to get my payroll check.我真等不及拿到我的工资单了。

9 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

10 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

11 influx   

n.流入，注入

参考例句：

• The country simply cannot absorb this influx of refugees.这个国家实在不能接纳这么多涌入的难民。
• Textile workers favoured protection because they feared an influx of cheap cloth.纺织工人拥护贸易保护措施，因为他们担心涌入廉价纺织品。