2019年经济学人 换脸技术被用来诽谤女性政客(1)

 

Leaders

来源于《社论》版块

Fake nudes¹

虚假裸体

Sex, lies and politics

性、谎言和政治

As deepfake technology spreads, expect more bogus sex tapes of female politicians

随着deepfake技术的传播，可以预料会有更多女性政客的虚假性爱录像

Adulterer, pervert², traitor³, murderer. In France in 1793, no woman was more relentlessly⁴ slandered⁵ than Marie Antoinette. Political pamphlets spread baseless rumours⁶ of her depravity. Some drawings showed her with multiple lovers, male and female. Others portrayed⁷ her as a harpy, a notoriously disagreeable mythical⁸ beast that was half bird-of-prey, half woman. Such mudslinging served a political purpose. The revolutionaries who had overthrown⁹ the monarchy¹⁰ wanted to tarnish¹¹ the former queen’s reputation before they cut off her head.

奸夫、变态、叛徒、杀人犯。1793年，在法国没有哪个女人比玛丽亚·安东尼特更受到无情的诽谤。政治小册子散布有关她堕落的毫无根据的谣言。一些画显示了她与多个情人在一起，有男有女。另一些人把她描绘成一个大雕，一个臭名昭著的令人讨厌的神话野兽，一半是猛禽，一半是女人。这种诽谤达到了政治目的。推翻君主制的革命者们想在砍下前女王的头之前败坏她的名声。

She was a victim of something ancient and nasty that is becoming worryingly common: sexualised disinformation to undercut women in public life. People have always invented rumours about such women. But three things have changed. Digital technology makes it easy to disseminate¹² libel widely and anonymously¹³. “Deepfake” techniques (manipulating images and video using artificial intelligence) make it cheap and simple to create convincing visual evidence that people have done or said things which they have not. And powerful actors, including governments and ruling parties, have gleefully exploited these new opportunities. A report by researchers at Oxford¹⁴ this year found well-organised disinformation campaigns in 70 countries, up from 48 in 2018 and 28 in 2017.

她是某种古老而肮脏的东西的受害者，这种东西正变得越来越普遍，令人担忧：性别化的虚假信息，以削弱女性在公共生活中的地位。人们总是捏造关于这些女人的谣言。但有三件事发生了变化。数字技术使广泛和匿名传播诽谤变得容易。“Deepfake”技术(使用人工智能操纵图像和视频)使得制作令人信服的视觉证据变得廉价和简单，用来证明人们做过或说过他们没有做过或说过的事情。而包括政府和执政党在内的有权势的行动者则乐喜出望外地利用了这些新机会。牛津大学研究人员今年发布的一份报告发现，70个国家开展了组织良好的虚假信息宣传活动，高于2018年的48个国家和2017年的28个国家。

Consider the case of Rana Ayyub, an Indian journalist who tirelessly reports on corruption¹⁵, and who wrote a book about the massacre¹⁶ of Muslims in the state of Gujarat when Narendra Modi, now India’s prime minister, was in charge there. For years, critics muttered that she was unpatriotic (because she is a Muslim who criticises the ruling party) and a prostitute (because she is a woman). In April 2018 the abuse intensified¹⁷. A deepfake sex video, which grafted¹⁸ her face over that of another woman, was published and went viral. Digital mobs threatened to rape¹⁹ or kill her. She was “doxxed”: someone published her home address and phone number online. It is hard to prove who was behind this campaign of intimidation²⁰, but its purpose is obvious: to silence her, and any other woman thinking of criticising the mighty²¹.

以印度记者拉娜?阿尤布为例，她不知疲倦地报道腐败，还写了一本关于纳伦德拉?莫迪担任古吉拉特邦总理期间发生的穆斯林大屠杀的书。多年来，批评者一直抱怨她不爱国(因为她是批评执政党的穆斯林)，还说她是妓女(因为她是女人)。2018年4月，辱骂加剧。一段利用换脸神器deepfake制作的性爱视频将她的脸移植到另一名女性的脸上，并在网上疯传。数字暴民威胁要强奸或杀害她。她被人肉搜索：有人在网上公布了她的家庭住址和电话号码。很难证明这场恐吓运动的幕后黑手是谁，但其目的显而易见：让她和其他任何想要批评当权者的女性保持沉默。

1 nudes   

（绘画、照片或雕塑）裸体( nude的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He also drew Chinese opera figures, nudes and still lives. 他还画戏曲人物画、裸女、瓶花静物等。

2 pervert   

n.堕落者，反常者；vt.误用，滥用；使人堕落，使入邪路

参考例句：

• Reading such silly stories will pervert your taste for good books.读这种愚昧的故事会败坏你对好书的嗜好。
• Do not pervert the idea.别歪曲那想法。

3 traitor   

n.叛徒，卖国贼

参考例句：

• The traitor was finally found out and put in prison.那个卖国贼终于被人发现并被监禁了起来。
• He was sold out by a traitor and arrested.他被叛徒出卖而被捕了。

4 relentlessly   

adv.不屈不挠地；残酷地；不间断

参考例句：

• The African sun beat relentlessly down on his aching head. 非洲的太阳无情地照射在他那发痛的头上。
• He pursued her relentlessly, refusing to take 'no' for an answer. 他锲而不舍地追求她，拒不接受“不”的回答。

5 slandered   

造谣中伤( slander的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• She slandered him behind his back. 她在背地里对他造谣中伤。
• He was basely slandered by his enemies. 他受到仇敌卑鄙的诋毁。

6 rumours   

n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传

参考例句：

• The rumours were completely baseless. 那些谣传毫无根据。
• Rumours of job losses were later confirmed. 裁员的传言后来得到了证实。

7 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

8 mythical   

adj.神话的；虚构的；想像的

参考例句：

• Undeniably,he is a man of mythical status.不可否认，他是一个神话般的人物。
• Their wealth is merely mythical.他们的财富完全是虚构的。

9 overthrown   

adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词

参考例句：

• The president was overthrown in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
• He has overthrown the basic standards of morality. 他已摒弃了基本的道德标准。

10 monarchy   

n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国

参考例句：

• The monarchy in England plays an important role in British culture.英格兰的君主政体在英国文化中起重要作用。
• The power of the monarchy in Britain today is more symbolical than real.今日英国君主的权力多为象徵性的，无甚实际意义。

11 tarnish   

n.晦暗，污点；vt.使失去光泽；玷污

参考例句：

• The affair could tarnish the reputation of the prime minister.这一事件可能有损首相的名誉。
• Stainless steel products won't tarnish.不锈钢产品不会失去光泽。

12 disseminate   

v.散布；传播

参考例句：

• We should disseminate science and promote the scientific spirit.普及科学知识，弘扬科学精神。
• We sincerely welcome all countries to disseminate their languages in China.我们真诚地欢迎世界各国来华推广本国语言。

13 anonymously   

ad.用匿名的方式

参考例句：

• The manuscripts were submitted anonymously. 原稿是匿名送交的。
• Methods A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey 536 teachers anonymously. 方法采用自编“中小学教师职业压力问卷”对536名中小学教师进行无记名调查。

14 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

15 corruption   

n.腐败，堕落，贪污

参考例句：

• The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
• The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。

16 massacre   

n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀

参考例句：

• There was a terrible massacre of villagers here during the war.在战争中，这里的村民惨遭屠杀。
• If we forget the massacre,the massacre will happen again!忘记了大屠杀，大屠杀就有可能再次发生！

17 intensified   

v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Violence intensified during the night. 在夜间暴力活动加剧了。
• The drought has intensified. 旱情加剧了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 grafted   

移植( graft的过去式和过去分词 )； 嫁接； 使（思想、制度等）成为（…的一部份）； 植根

参考例句：

• No art can be grafted with success on another art. 没有哪种艺术能成功地嫁接到另一种艺术上。
• Apples are easily grafted. 苹果树很容易嫁接。

19 rape   

n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸

参考例句：

• The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
• He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。

20 intimidation   

n.恐吓，威胁

参考例句：

• The Opposition alleged voter intimidation by the army.反对党声称投票者受到军方的恐吓。
• The gang silenced witnesses by intimidation.恶帮用恐吓的手段使得证人不敢说话。

21 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。