2021年经济学人 奥运VS药物(3)

Other estimates suggest even higher numbers.

其他估计数字甚至更高。

A paper published in 2011 examined the prevalence of "blood doping", a catch-all term for ways to increase the capacity of blood to ferry oxygen to muscles.

2011年发表的一篇论文调查了“血液兴奋剂”的流行情况。“血液兴奋剂”是一个笼统的术语，指的是增加血液向肌肉输送氧气的能力。

The researchers analysed samples from more than 2,700 athletes and concluded that 14% were probably guilty (though the tests fell short of explicit¹ proof).

研究人员分析了2700多名运动员的样本，得出的结论是14%的运动员可能有罪(尽管测试缺乏明确的证据)。

That average concealed² wide variations. Some countries had prevalence rates as high as 48%, though the researchers diplomatically refused to name the alleged³ offenders⁴.

这个平均值掩盖了很大的差异。一些国家的流行率高达48%，尽管研究人员委婉地拒绝说出被指控的罪犯的名字。

Another study, published in 2018, simply asked more than 2,000 athletes whether they were doping.

2018年发表的另一项研究只简单询问了2000多名运动员是否服用了兴奋剂。

The data were collected in 2011 at two big competitions—the World Championships in Athletics⁵ and the Pan-Arab Games.

这些数据收集于2011年两大赛事——世界田径锦标赛和泛阿拉伯运动会。

To encourage honest responses, the researchers used what is called the randomised-response technique.

为了获得真实的回答，研究人员使用了所谓的随机反应技术，

This guarantees individual answers will remain anonymous⁶ and untraceable.

确保了个人的回答将保持匿名和不被追踪。

They concluded that 43.6% of the athletes surveyed had doped in the past year.

他们得出的结论是，有43.6%的受访运动员在过去一年中服用过兴奋剂。

Translated to Tokyo, that would imply around 4,800 drug-boosted competitors—roughly in line with Mr Chalmers' fears.

换作在东京奥运会的话，这意味着大约有4800名运动员服用了兴奋剂，该结论与查尔默斯先生的担忧大致相符。

But all these estimates are just that: estimates.

但所有这些估计都只是估计。

"My gut⁷ feeling, from having worked with many Olympic-level athletes, is that the randomised-response numbers are too high," says Yorck Olaf Schumacher, who helped develop the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP),

“我和许多奥运会水平的运动员一起工作过，我的直觉是随机反应的数字太高了，”帮助开发了运动员生物护照(ABP)的约克·奥拉夫·舒马赫说。

a widely used anti-doping test that tracks blood readings, looking for suspicious changes.

运动员生物护照是一种被广泛使用的反兴奋剂测试，可以跟踪血液读数，寻找可疑的变化。

Some athletes may not have understood the question properly, he says, or may have confused legitimate⁸ dietary supplements with doping.

他说，一些运动员可能没有正确理解这个问题，或者可能把合法的膳食补充剂和兴奋剂混淆了。

Athletes dope because drugs offer big advantages—potentially so big that undoped rivals have no hope of matching them.

运动员服用兴奋剂是因为药物提供了巨大的优势——潜在的优势是如此之大，以至于未服用兴奋剂的竞争对手无法匹敌。

WADA, the rules of which bind⁹ many sports, maintains a list of hundreds of banned substances.

世界反兴奋剂组织(WADA)制定了一份包含数百种违禁物质的清单，该清单约束了许多运动项目。

They range from obscure chemicals with names like IGF-1 LR3 and AOD-9604 to insulin (to boost muscle size), amphetamines (for their stimulating¹⁰ effects) and even diuretics (used to mask the presence of other drugs).

它们种类繁多，从名称模糊的化学物质，如IGF-1 LR3和AOD-9604，到胰岛素(增加肌肉体积)，安非他命(具备刺激作用)，甚至利尿剂(用于掩盖其他药物的存在)。

The clandestine¹¹ nature of doping means that, for most drugs, there is little hard evidence for their effect on performance.

兴奋剂的隐秘性质意味着，对于大多数药物来说，几乎没有确凿的证据能够表明它们对成绩有影响。

Athletes are forced to rely instead on locker-room rumours¹² and "street knowledge", says Chris Cooper, a sports scientist at the University of Essex, much of which will probably be exaggerated.

埃塞克斯大学的体育科学家克里斯·库珀表示，运动员们被迫依赖于更衣室谣言和“街头知识”，其中很多可能会被夸大。

But for some of the best-known drugs, science—and history—can give a sense of the advantages on offer.

但是对于一些最著名的药物来说，科学和历史可以让我们知道它所提供的优势。

1 explicit   

adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的

参考例句：

• She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
• He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。

2 concealed   

a.隐藏的，隐蔽的

参考例句：

• The paintings were concealed beneath a thick layer of plaster. 那些画被隐藏在厚厚的灰泥层下面。
• I think he had a gun concealed about his person. 我认为他当时身上藏有一支枪。

3 alleged   

a.被指控的，嫌疑的

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• alleged irregularities in the election campaign 被指称竞选运动中的不正当行为

4 offenders   

n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物）

参考例句：

• Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders. 判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。
• Purposeful work is an important part of the regime for young offenders. 使从事有意义的劳动是管理少年犯的重要方法。

5 athletics   

n.运动，体育，田径运动

参考例句：

• When I was at school I was always hopeless at athletics.我上学的时候体育十分糟糕。
• Our team tied with theirs in athletics.在田径比赛中，我们队与他们队旗鼓相当。

6 anonymous   

adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的

参考例句：

• Sending anonymous letters is a cowardly act.寄匿名信是懦夫的行为。
• The author wishes to remain anonymous.作者希望姓名不公开。

7 gut   

n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏

参考例句：

• It is not always necessary to gut the fish prior to freezing.冷冻鱼之前并不总是需要先把内脏掏空。
• My immediate gut feeling was to refuse.我本能的直接反应是拒绝。

8 legitimate   

adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法

参考例句：

• Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
• That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。

9 bind   

vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬

参考例句：

• I will let the waiter bind up the parcel for you.我让服务生帮你把包裹包起来。
• He wants a shirt that does not bind him.他要一件不使他觉得过紧的衬衫。

10 stimulating   

adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的

参考例句：

• shower gel containing plant extracts that have a stimulating effect on the skin 含有对皮肤有益的植物精华的沐浴凝胶
• This is a drug for stimulating nerves. 这是一种兴奋剂。

11 clandestine   

adj.秘密的，暗中从事的

参考例句：

• She is the director of clandestine operations of the CIA.她是中央情报局秘密行动的负责人。
• The early Christians held clandestine meetings in caves.早期的基督徒在洞穴中秘密聚会。

12 rumours   

n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传

参考例句：

• The rumours were completely baseless. 那些谣传毫无根据。
• Rumours of job losses were later confirmed. 裁员的传言后来得到了证实。