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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Exploring the Clotilda, the last known slave ship in the U.S., brings hope
MOBILE, Ala. — Juneteenth has long had special meaning for the descendants of the last slave ship known to come to the United States, the Clotilda. People like Vernetta Henson and Darron Patterson of Mobile, Ala.
They're descendants of Polee and Rose Allen, who were among the more than 100 kidnapped Africans a wealthy Alabama plantation2 owner smuggled3 into Mobile aboard the Clotilda 50 years after the Atlantic slave trade was abolished, and then sunk the ship to bury evidence of the crime.
Since the shipwreck4 was found three years ago, there's been new focus on the Clotilda survivors5 and the community they founded after emancipation6.
Henson leads tours of the area, just north of downtown Mobile.
"You are officially in Africatown," she says.
It's bound by railroad tracks on one side, and water on the other three.
She points out an empty storefront, and where there was once a hotel. There's no commerce here anymore – only heavy industry and a busy highway cutting through the center of the neighborhood.
A cemetery7 sits on a hill by the highway, gravestones facing east toward Africa.
Henson's great-great grandparents — Polee and Rose Allen — were captured in Dahomey (now Benin) in West Africa and brought to the U.S. on the slave ship Clotilda in 1860. They were freed by Union soldiers at the end of the Civil War and helped found Africatown.
They never made it
"I'm going to show you some of the shotgun houses they built," she says. "They were trying to get close to the water. They felt like they could use that water and go back home."
Back home to Africa. But they never made it, instead preserving their homeland's language and traditions in a self-governed enclave of family homes in about a five- mile area.
Henson, who is 73, says when she was young, Africatown was a vibrant8 community with a population of more than 10,000. Today, fewer than 2,000 residents remain. And many homes are abandoned and boarded up, showing years of neglect.
There's new scrutiny9 on what's become of Africatown since journalist Ben Raines discovered the Clotilda in the Mobile River in 2019. Work is underway to preserve it as a key artifact of American history.
"It's the only known slave ship in U.S. waters," says Stacye Hathorn, the state archeologist for Alabama.
And the wooden schooner10 is evidence.
"This was a crime," she says. "It had been illegal to import slaves since the early part of the 19th century."
It's still there and it's pretty amazing
She says the Clotilda passage is the last recorded incident of people bringing slaves into the United States.
"And then we have the ship and it's in a fragile condition, but the vast majority of it is still there and it's pretty amazing," Hathorn says.
The story goes that on a bet, plantation owner and ship builder Timothy Meaher hired a captain to bring kidnapped Africans to Mobile even though the Atlantic slave trade was illegal. With federal prosecutors11 on his tail, the Clotilda was scuttled12 up river and set afire to hide evidence of the voyage. But the muddy water preserved the vessel13 for 150 years.
Archeologists got their first complete look at it during a research excursion in May funded by a $1 million dollar grant from the state of Alabama.
"The most important thing we learned is it's in at least two pieces," says Hathorn.
Part of the stern has broken away and is buried in mud. Researchers used sonar to map the lay of the ship, gathered samples, and are monitoring river flows. It's all part of an effort by the Alabama Historical Commission to determine whether it's feasible to raise the vessel.
"It would be very irresponsible to destroy it in the process of trying to preserve it," Hathorn says.
Divers14 were able to pull up some artifacts including a piece of decking, and a cast iron steering15 mechanism16 with a bit of rope on it. Those artifacts are now being preserved at the History Museum of Mobile and will eventually be on display at the Heritage House Museum – a new facility that is under construction in Africatown that will tell the story of the Clotilda.
It's one of several developments centered on this history.
Work has begun to create a federally-recognized Blueway along Africatown's waterfront, for instance. And the Clotilda is the subject of new films, and a song by Blues17 singer Shemekia Copeland called "Clotilda's On Fire."
"People still come from miles around to praise the folks of Africatown who rose from the ashes of sad history to stand unchained, proud, and free," she sings.
"We want to restore this community to its rightful place in history," says Darron Patterson, President of the Clotilda Descendants Association.
He says for too long the slave history of Mobile was hidden. Patterson is the great-great grandson of Polee Allen. But growing up, his family kept that heritage a secret, fearing it was too dangerous to talk about. In part, he says, because the wealthy descendants of the slave trader Timothy Meaher remained powerful and owned much of the land in and around Africatown. And they still do.
Digging deeper to embrace slave history
Patterson says people want to come here to embrace the Clotilda story.
"There's a [racial] reckoning going on in the world," he says. "And who better to be at the forefront of that discussion than the voice of the Clotilda descendants?"
He thinks with the right investment, Africatown could be as big a draw for Mobile as the tourism boom Montgomery has experienced with the opening of the Equal Justice Initiative's Peace and Justice Memorial, which remembers thousands of lynching victims.
"Charleston has embraced its slave history. Savannah has embraced its slave history. Montgomery, Ala. has embraced its slave history," Patterson says. "We have the same opportunity here."
While pushing for public investment, Clotilda descendants are also digging deeper into their heritage, and finding inspiration in the resilience of the Clotilda survivors.
Genealogist18 Lew Toulmin has been working with the group.
"You may think it's kind of odd that a white guy whose ancestors were slave owners and who fought vigorously for the Confederacy would be so interested in black genealogy," he says. "But I don't really see it as a contradiction."
Toulmin is a retired19 policy consultant20 in Maryland, but is originally from Mobile. His family founded the town of Toulminville not far from Africatown. He says he never heard about the Clotilda as a child but wants to amplify21 the story today.
"Because we know better now," says Toulmin. "I think it helps me and anybody who would read my stuff [to] understand some of the horrors that these folks went through in slavery."
The keeper of the flame
Toulmin hopes his work can help foster reconciliation22.
He recently connected with Vernetta Henson on a video phone call to compare notes on what they've uncovered.
"She's the keeper of the flame," Toulmin says.
Vernetta Henson has collected scores of family obituaries23, records that Toulmin uses to create family trees and document the lives of the Clotilda survivors.
After emancipation, the Africatown settlers continued to work for the Meaher family that enslaved them and used their wages to acquire land and lumber24 to build homes, and plant farms.
"They had to devise a way to survive rather than to live," says Henson. "That was their main function learning how to survive."
Toulmin has helped Henson fill out the story of her great-great grandfather Polee Allen's influence.
"He bought two acres early on and he built his own house with his own hands, but with help from other people," says Toulmin.
He's found evidence the men who settled Africatown worked cooperatively to build each other's houses. Polee Allen was also an ambitious farmer.
"He grew onions, garlic, pears, plums, apples, figs25, scuppernong grapes, peanuts, watermelons, cantaloupes, bananas and okra," Toulmin says. "And he also raised bees for the honey and raised chickens, cows, hogs26 and horses."
Learning all this fills Henson with a sense of pride.
"Golly, we really did have a big family that contributed a lot to the American dream."
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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smuggled
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| 水货 | |
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shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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vibrant
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| adj.震颤的，响亮的，充满活力的，精力充沛的，(色彩)鲜明的 | |
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scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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prosecutors
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| 检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 )； 告发人； 起诉人； 公诉人 | |
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scuttled
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| v.使船沉没( scuttle的过去式和过去分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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steering
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| n.操舵装置 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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blues
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| n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐 | |
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genealogist
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| 系谱学者 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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consultant
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| n.顾问；会诊医师，专科医生 | |
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amplify
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| vt.放大，增强；详述，详加解说 | |
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reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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obituaries
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| 讣告，讣闻( obituary的名词复数 ) | |
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lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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