TED演讲:为了更好的辩论(2)

 　　Well, my answer is going to make reference to three models for arguments. 好了，为了回答这个问题，让我们来参照三种不同的辩论方式。

　　The first model, let's call this the dialectical model,  第一种模式，让我们称之为辩证模式，

　　is that we think of arguments as war, and you know what that's like.  这种模式的辩论更想是打仗，相信你们都经历过。

　　There's a lot of screaming and shouting and winning and losing, 经常充满了尖叫和大喊，而且伴有胜负，

　　and that's not really a very helpful model for arguing  这对于辩论来说不是一个很有帮助的方式

　　but it's a pretty common and entrenched¹ model for arguing.  却也是相当常见且”侵略性“的方式。

　　But there's a second model for arguing: arguments as proofs.  这里还有第二种辩论的模式：论证式

　　Think of a mathematician's argument.  想想数学家的辩论。

　　Here's my argument. Does it work? Is it any good?  这是我的辩论方式。它有用吗？有什么优点吗？

　　Are the premises² warranted? Are the inferences valid³?  我们论证时的前提是正确的吗？我们的推论有效吗？

　　Does the conclusion follow from the premises?  我们的结论是否由前提推导出来？

　　No opposition⁴, no adversariality, not necessarily any arguing in the adversarial sense. 没有对立，没有敌意，辩论并非必须在一个敌对意识下进行。

　　But there's a third model to keep in mind that I think is going to be very helpful, 但是我们还应该注意到其实还有第三种方式，我认为它非常有效，

　　and that is arguments as performances, arguments as being in front of an audience. 它就是表演式辩论，如同在观众面前辩论。

　　We can think of a politician trying to present a position,  我们可以想想一个政客想要竞选一个职位，

　　trying to convince the audience of something.  或尝试去让他的观众接受他的政见。

　　But there's another twist on this model that I really think is important,  但是我认为对这个模式的一个曲解有必要指出，

　　namely that when we argue before an audience,  亦即当我们在观众面前辩论时，

　　sometimes the audience has a more participatory role in the argument,  有些时候观众在辩论中起了更重要的参与作用，

　　that is, arguments are also audiences in front of juries who make a judgment⁵ and decide the case. 我们的如同面对了一群陪审团，他们判断是非，裁定诉案。

　　Let's call this the rhetorical model,  让我们称之为修辞模式，

　　where you have to tailor your argument to the audience at hand.  这种模式下你就要像裁缝一样为观众量身定制一场辩论。

　　You know, presenting a sound, well-argued,  你要一场听上去激烈讨论，严谨论证的

　　tight argument in English before a francophone audience just isn't going to work. 英语辩论，而听众是一群法国人，那就是白费力气。

　　So we have these models -- argument as war, argument as proof, and argument as performance. 你看我们有这么多辩论模式－－战争式辩论，论证式辩论，表演式辩论。

　　Of those three, the argument as war is the dominant⁶ one.  在这三种模式中，战争式辩论占了主导。

　　It dominates how we talk about arguments,  它使每当我们提起辩论，就是这种模式。

　　it dominates how we think about arguments,  这种模式基本代表了我们对辩论的理解，

　　and because of that, it shapes how we argue, our actual conduct in arguments. 也因此，它影响了我们辩论的方式，我们在辩论时的表现。

　　Now, when we talk about arguments, yeah, we talk in a very militaristic language. 如今当我们谈起辩论，我们就会进入一种军国主义的论调。

　　We want strong arguments, arguments that have a lot of punch, arguments that are right on target. 我们需要具有攻击性的辩论，辩论时就如同给对手的脸上来上几拳，最好每个论点都直击要害。

　　We want to have our defenses up and our strategies all in order.  我们想把自己武装起来，组织好策略去应对。

　　We want killer⁷ arguments.  我们想要击败对手。

　　That's the kind of argument we want.  那就是我们想要的辩论。

　　It is the dominant way of thinking about arguments.  这就是一种主流的辩论观。

　　When I'm talking about arguments, that's probably what you thought of, the adversarial model. 当我说到辩论的时候，很可能你马上想到的就是敌对模式。

　　But the war metaphor⁸, the war paradigm⁹ or model for thinking about arguments, 战争模式这个比方，或者说是对辩论模式的认知，

　　has, I think, deforming¹⁰ effects on how we argue.  在我看来正在削弱我们的辩论。

　　First it elevates tactics over substance.  首先它使辩论的技巧凌驾与观点本身。

　　You can take a class in logic¹¹, argumentation.  你可以去上关于逻辑与辩论的课程。

　　You learn all about the subterfuges¹² that people use to try and win arguments, the false steps. 你可以学到所有人们在辩论中可以使用的诡计，以力求去赢得一场辩论，多么愚蠢的方式啊。

　　It magnifies the us-versus-them aspect of it.  这放大了辩论中我们与他们的对立关系。

　　It makes it adversarial. It's polarizing.  这使辩论变得敌对。如同以偏振镜来看问题。

　　And the only foreseeable outcomes are triumph, glorious triumph, or abject¹³, ignominious¹⁴ defeat. 而唯一可预见的结果就是胜利，一场欢欣鼓舞的胜利，抑或是卑怯，可耻的失败。

　　I think those are deforming effects, and worst of all,  我认为那是一种变形效果，最糟的是，

　　it seems to prevent things like negotiation¹⁵ or deliberation or compromise or collaboration¹⁶. 这种变形使这种辩论本身看上去不是那么像谈判，审议或妥协，抑或者是一种协作。

1 entrenched   

adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)

参考例句：

• Television seems to be firmly entrenched as the number one medium for national advertising.电视看来要在全国广告媒介中牢固地占据头等位置。
• If the enemy dares to attack us in these entrenched positions,we will make short work of them.如果敌人胆敢进攻我们固守的阵地，我们就消灭他们。

2 premises   

n.建筑物，房屋

参考例句：

• According to the rules,no alcohol can be consumed on the premises.按照规定，场内不准饮酒。
• All repairs are done on the premises and not put out.全部修缮都在家里进行，不用送到外面去做。

3 valid   

adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的

参考例句：

• His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
• Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗？

4 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

5 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

6 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

7 killer   

n.杀人者，杀人犯，杀手，屠杀者

参考例句：

• Heart attacks have become Britain's No.1 killer disease.心脏病已成为英国的头号致命疾病。
• The bulk of the evidence points to him as her killer.大量证据证明是他杀死她的。

8 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

9 paradigm   

n.例子，模范，词形变化表

参考例句：

• He had become the paradigm of the successful man. 他已经成为成功人士的典范。
• Moreover,the results of this research can be the new learning paradigm for digital design studios.除此之外，本研究的研究成果也可以为数位设计课程建立一个新的学习范例。

10 deforming   

使变形，使残废，丑化( deform的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• The patient may show an actual crater deforming indication of active disease. 病人可以出现表现活动病变的真正龛影变形。
• He saw Jan as though someone had snatched a deforming mask from Jan's face. 他看见了简的真面目，仿佛有人把一个歪曲形象的面具从简的脸上撕了下来。

11 logic   

n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性

参考例句：

• What sort of logic is that?这是什么逻辑？
• I don't follow the logic of your argument.我不明白你的论点逻辑性何在。

12 subterfuges   

n.（用说谎或欺骗以逃脱责备、困难等的）花招，遁词( subterfuge的名词复数 )

参考例句：

13 abject   

adj.极可怜的，卑屈的

参考例句：

• This policy has turned out to be an abject failure.这一政策最后以惨败而告终。
• He had been obliged to offer an abject apology to Mr.Alleyne for his impertinence.他不得不低声下气，为他的无礼举动向艾莱恩先生请罪。

14 ignominious   

adj.可鄙的，不光彩的，耻辱的

参考例句：

• The marriage was considered especially ignominious since she was of royal descent.由于她出身王族，这门婚事被认为是奇耻大辱。
• Many thought that he was doomed to ignominious failure.许多人认为他注定会极不光彩地失败。

15 negotiation   

n.谈判，协商

参考例句：

• They closed the deal in sugar after a week of negotiation.经过一星期的谈判，他们的食糖生意成交了。
• The negotiation dragged on until July.谈判一直拖到7月份。

16 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。