英语单词大师：Infinitives, Part 1

 AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: to be or not to be, or should there be an -ing? That is the question as we look at gerunds and infinitives².

RS: To be, to run, to eat: the "to" indicates the infinitive¹ form of the verb. But if you were to use these verbs as gerunds, they would take an 鈥搃ng as in being, running and eating.

AA: Juan, a listener in Chile, is not always sure when to use an infinitive and when to use a gerund. He sent us four sentences and asks if they're right:

RS: Here they are: To swim is a good exercise. To work ten years in the mine is enough. Sleeping is a luxury. Being able to read is important.

AA: A good question for English teacher Lida Baker³ in Los Angeles:

LIDA BAKER: "The very simple answer to Juan's question is: yes, that the gerund and infinitive are more or less interchangeable when they are in subject position. Which is the way the sentences that he offered as examples -- notice that the gerund and infinitive are at the beginning of the sentence, they are the subject. And I think we should probably, for those who might not remember, just point out that a gerund is the -ing form of a verb but used as a noun. So, 'swimming is good exercise.'"AA: "But the way he says here, 'to swim is a good exercise,' now to my ear it didn't sound like native English to say, 'To swim is a good exercise.' I probably would have said 'swimming is a good exercise,' 'working ten years in the mine is enough.' Not 'to work ten years,' 'to swim is a good exercise.'"RS: "It's a little bit more formal to use the 'to' plus the verb, the infinitive."AA: "Yeah."LIDA BAKER: "But what about the sentence, 'To be able to read is important'? To my ear, that's absolutely correct."AA: "I agree with you."LIDA BAKER: "When we talk about infinitives and gerunds in subject position, at the beginning of a sentence, a person who's learning English probably needs to know that the meaning is more or less the same."RS: "What's the difference in other positions between the gerund or the infinitive."LIDA BAKER: "Gerunds or infinitives can occur in all the positions that nouns normally occur. So we've already seen Juan's example in the subject position. They can also occur after the 'be' verb. So you have a sentence like, 'Her dream is to become an opera singer.' Or, 'My hobby is playing the piano.' They can occur in what's called an appositive. An appositive is a noun that comes after another noun where the second nouns explains the first noun. So in a sentence like 'I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport,' we have the noun 'offer.' And what is the offer?"RS: "To take me to the airport."LIDA BAKER: "Right, so there are two noun structures there, one of which defines the other one. So that's a way that we use infinitives and gerunds. The appositive structure, we always use an infinitive. So, 'I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.' We would never say, 'I appreciate your offer taking me to the airport.' Right?"AA: "Right."LIDA BAKER: "That's absolutely wrong."AA: "Well, you said -- wait a second, you said an appositive is a noun that follows another noun."LIDA BAKER: "Uh-huh."AA: "So 'to take' in that case, even though it's an infinitive form of a verb, it's being used as a noun?"LIDA BAKER: "Yeah, infinitives and gerunds are almost always used as nouns. That's part of the definition."AA: "OK, I knew that as a gerund, but I didn't realize that was true with an infinitive."LIDA BAKER: "Not in every case, but in almost every case. Do you want to hear a couple of other?"AA: "Please!"LIDA BAKER: "Object of the preposition, and these are always gerunds. So, 'Thanks for helping⁴ me.' The preposition 'for,' and the word 'helping' is the object of the preposition. In that case, we always use a gerund.

"And finally, the one I want to mention is the infinitive or gerund used as a direct object. That is to say, the object of a verb. And the reason I mention this last is that this is the one that is the biggest challenge for people who are learning English. So are you ready?"RS: Not quite. We're short on time, so we'll finish the discussion with English teacher Lida Baker next week.

AA: But we will tell you about a free Grammar and Writing Guide on a Web site she found. It's sponsored by the Capital Community College Foundation, a non-profit organization in Connecticut.

RS: It's a long address, so to make it easy to find we'll post a link on our site, voanews.com/wordmaster. And our e-mail address is [email protected]. With Avi Arditti, I'm Rosanne Skirble.

1 infinitive   

n.不定词；adj.不定词的

参考例句：

• The use of the split infinitive is now generally acceptable.分裂不定式的用法现在已被广泛接受。
• Modal verbs generally take the bare infinitive.情态动词通常用不带to的不定式。

2 infinitives   

n.（动词）不定式( infinitive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Her litmus test for good breeding is whether you split infinitives. 她测试别人是否具有良好教养的标准是看对方是否在不定式的动词前加修饰副词。 来自互联网
• Nouns, adjectives and infinitives can be used as objective complements. 名词，形容词及不定式可用作补语。 来自互联网

3 baker   

n.面包师

参考例句：

• The baker bakes his bread in the bakery.面包师在面包房内烤面包。
• The baker frosted the cake with a mixture of sugar and whites of eggs.面包师在蛋糕上撒了一层白糖和蛋清的混合料。

4 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。