英语单词大师：Predicting New Words

 AA: Im Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble and this week on WORDMASTER -- "Predicting New Words: The Secrets of Their Success."RS: Thats the title of a new book by our friend at the American Dialect Society, Allan Metcalf.

METCALF: "The most successful new words are what I call stealth words that enter the language and enter our vocabulary without us even noticing that they are new. And the least successful are ones that stick out like a sore thumb. For example: schmooseoisie."AA & RS: "Hmm."METCALF: "Thats exactly the kind of reaction you hear at schmooseoisie: hmm. Its the term that was invented by some smart person for people who earn a living by their talk. Get it? From bourgeoisie and schmoozing? And you might say thats pretty clever, but so what?"RS: "What about the impact of ethnic¹ diversity in the United States, in particular the Spanish-speaking world, on American English?"METCALF: "There really isnt that much influence except in cultural areas where the whole culture has adopted things. So in foods, for example -- salsa, for example, is something that everyone knows, or tacos. The basic rule of thumb is that the dominant² language usually does not pick up terminology³ from the subordinate language.

"So, for example, the English spoken in California, at least by those who are not of Hispanic background, has very little of Hispanic words even though there are several million people living in California who either speak Spanish or whose culture is Hispanic."RS: "In the last chapter of your book you talk about my new word, about new words and how we could actually begin to invent words. What are some of your suggestions for doing that?"METCALF: "Yes, well, choose a word that seems so natural that it seems like its already been around, then begin using it. And use it yourself in any way you can, use it naturally though. But dont ever succumb⁴ to the temptation to claim, Guess what, youve just used my new word, because that will turn people off."AA: "Does it basically come down to that every new word could, if you really traced it, be traced back to say one person?"METCALF: "Well, I think a lot of new words can be traced back to multiple creations. You know theres the term brunch⁵ for the meal that combines breakfast and lunch. Well, there is no commonly accepted word for the combination of lunch and dinner. But somebody sent me a message saying that she had invented a word for that, and she called it linner."AA: So Allan Metcalf looked on the Internet search engine [gm99nd].

METCALF: "And I found out that, guess what, about 100 or so other people -- at least -- had also thought of linner."RS: "Linner seems a little awkward to me."METCALF: "It does, and its not used much. But every now and then somebody wants to use it, so they invent it again."AA: "But what if, lets say, the president or a celebrity⁶ gets up there on television and says well, Im going off to linner right now."METCALF: "That would help."AA: "That would help?"METCALF: "Ill give you one example of a truly new creation that has become a standard phrase, and thats the term couch potato. Nobody talked about couch potato until about thirty years ago. There were some people in California, they were television fans, and one of them referred to another as a couch potato. And he did this as a joke, because television is the tube, and so someone who watches the tube would be a tuber, and a tuber is a potato. So you sit on your couch and youre a tuber -- youre a couch potato.

"After awhile people forgot the joke part of it, and now we can talk about a couch potato with a straight face, we can even have a serious discussion of Americans are becoming couch potatoes and theyre losing their physical fitness, but if we had consciously in our minds that terrible pun, we would avoid it, its too much."RS: Allan Metcalf is an English professor at MacMurray College in Illinois, and author of "Predicting New Words: The Secrets of Their Success."AA: And thats all for this week.

1 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

2 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

3 terminology   

n.术语；专有名词

参考例句：

• He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.他特别批评了文件中使用的术语。
• The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文章用了相当专业的音乐术语。

4 succumb   

v.屈服，屈从；死

参考例句：

• They will never succumb to the enemies.他们决不向敌人屈服。
• Will business leaders succumb to these ideas?商业领袖们会被这些观点折服吗？

5 brunch   

n.早午餐

参考例句：

• They eat much the same thing for brunch every day.每天早午餐他们总是吃同样的东西。
• What did you have for your brunch?你早午饭都吃些什么？

6 celebrity   

n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望

参考例句：

• Tom found himself something of a celebrity. 汤姆意识到自己已小有名气了。
• He haunted famous men, hoping to get celebrity for himself. 他常和名人在一起, 希望借此使自己获得名气。