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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Unit 11
Criminal Punishment and Crime Prevention
After-Class Reading
PASSAGE I The Death Penalty
Mayor Edward Koch maintains that the death penalty "affirms life". By failing to execute murderers, he says, we "signal a lowered regard for the value of the victim's life".[1] Koch suggests that people who oppose the death penalty are like Kitty Genovese's neighbors, who heard her cries for help but did nothing while an attacker stabbed her to death.
This is the standard "moral" defense1 of death as punishment: even if executions don't deter2 violent crime any more effectively than imprisonment3,[2] they are still required as the only means we have of doing justice in response to the worst of crimes.
South Carolina resumed executing prisoners with the electrocution of Joseph Carl Shaw. Shaw was condemned4 to death for helping5 to murder two teenagers while he was serving as a military policeman. His crime, propelled by mental illness, was one of terrible brutality7.[3] It is Shaw's last words ("Killing8 was wrong when I did it. It is wrong when you do it... ") that so outraged9 Mayor Koch: he finds it "a curiosity of modern life that we are being lectured on morality by cold-blooded killers10. " And so it is.[4]
But it was not "modern life" that brought this curiosity into being. It was capital punishment. The electric chair was J. C. Shaw's platform.[5] (The mayor mistakenly writes that Shaw's statement came in the form of a plea to the governor for mercy: actually Shaw made it only seconds before his death, as he waited, shaved and strapped12 into the chair, for the switch to be thrown.[6]) It was the chair that provided Shaw with an opportunity to lecture us on right and wrong. What made this weird13 moral reversal even worse is that J. C. Shaw faced his own death with undeniable dignity and courage.
For those who had to see the execution of J. C. Shaw, it wasn't easy to keep in mind that the purpose of the execution was to affirm life. It will be harder still when Florida executes a cop-killer[7] named Alvin Ford14. Ford has lost his mind during his years of death-row[8] confinement15, and now spends his days trembling, rocking back and forth16, and muttering unintelligible17 prayers. This has led to litigation over whether Ford meets the legal standard for mental competency[9]. For centuries, the Anglo-American legal system has generally prohibited the execution of anyone who is too mentally ill to understand what is about to be done to him and why. If Florida wins its case,[10] it will have earned the right to electrocute Ford in his present condition. If it loses, he will not be executed until the state has given him sufficient treatment and restored his mental health.
We can at least be thankful that this demoralizing example involves a prisoner who is actually guilty of murder. But this may not always be so. The ordeal18 of Lenell Jeter-the young black engineer who recently served more than a year of a life sentence for a Texas armed robbery that he didn't commit-should remind us that the system is quite capable of making the very worst sort of mistake. That Jeter was eventually cleared is a stroke of luck.[11] If the robbery had occurred at 7 P.M. rather than 3 P. M., he would have had no alibi20, and would still be in prison today. And if someone had been killed in that robbery, Jeter probably would have been sentenced to death.
I don't claim that executions of innocent people will occur very often. But they will occur. And other sorts of mistakes already have. Roosevelt Green was executed in Georgia two days before J.C. Shaw. Green and an accomplice21 kidnapped a young woman. Green swore that his companion shot her to death after Green had left, and that he knew nothing about the murder. Green's claim was supported by a statement that his accomplice made to a witness after the crime.[12] The jury was never able to decide whether Green was telling the truth, and when he tried to take a polygraph test a few days before his scheduled execution, the state of Georgia refused to allow the examiner into the prison. As the pressure for symbolic22 retribution mounts,[13] the courts, like the public, are losing patience with such details. Green was electrocuted on January 9.
Another sort of arbitrary decision happens all the time. Last October, Louisiana executed a man named Ernest Knighton. Knighton had killed a gas station owner during a robbery. Like any murder, this was a terrible crime. But it was not premeditated, and is the sort of crime that very rarely results in a death sentence. Why was Knighton electrocuted when almost everyone else who committed the same offense23 was not? Was it because he was black? Was it because his victim and all 12 members of the jury that sentenced him were white? Was it because Knighton's court-appointed lawyer presented no evidence on his behalf at his sentence hearing[14]? Or maybe there's no reason except bad luck? One thing is clear: Ernest Knighton was picked out in the same way a fisherman takes a cricket out of a bait jar. No one cares which cricket gets impaled25 on the hook.[15]
Not every prisoner executed recently was chosen that randomly26. But many were. And having selected these men so casually27, so blindly, the death penalty system asks us to accept that the purpose of killing each of them is to affirm the sanctity of human life.[16]
The death penalty states are also learning that the death penalty is easier to advocate than it is to administer. In Florida, where executions have become almost routine, the governor reports that nearly a third of his time is spent reviewing the mercy request of condemned prisoners. The Florida Supreme28 Court is hopelessly backlogged30 with death cases. Some have taken five years to decide, and the rest of the Court's work waits in line behind the death appeals. Florida's death row currently holds more than 230 prisoners. State officials are reportedly considering building a special "death prison" devoted31 entirely32 to the isolation33 and electrocution of the condemned. The state is also considering the creation of a special public defender34 unit that will do nothing else but handle death penalty appeals. The death penalty, in short, is spawning36 death agencies.
Perhaps we want to inflict37 punishment on a handful of convicted murderers so badly that we're willing to close our eyes to all of the negative results that come with it. A lot of politicians think so, and they may be right. But if[17] they are, then let's at least look honestly at what we're doing. This lottery38 of death both comes from and encourages an attitude toward human life that is not reverent39, but reckless.[18]
And that is why the mayor is dead[19] wrong when he confuses such fury with justice. He suggests that we trivialize murder unless we kill murderers. By that logic40, we also trivialize rape41 unless we rape rapists. The sin of Kitty Genovese's neighbors wasn't that they failed to stab her attacker to death. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation42 demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned43. (1212 words)
Proper Names
Alvin Ford
(男子名)阿尔文.福特
Ernest Knighton
(男子名)欧内斯特.奈顿
Florida Supreme Court
佛罗里达高级法院
Georgia
佐治亚（美国州名）
New Words
accomplice
n. a person who helps another to do something wicked or illegal 从犯，帮凶，同谋
administer
v.
1) organize the way a test or punishment is given, or the way laws are used 施行，实施
e.g. The test was administered fairly and impartially45.
2) manage and organize the affairs of a company, government etc. 掌管，料理......的事务
e.g. The personnel director administers the attendance policy.
3) give or disperse46 something, such as medicine, medical care, or justice to someone 给予，派给，投（药）
e.g. The emergency-room doctor administered the treatment quickly.
alibi
n. someone or something that proves that someone was not in the area where a crime happened and therefore could not have done it 不在犯罪现场的证人或证据
Anglo-American
adj. of or between both Britain and America, especially the US 英美的，英国和美国的
arbitrary
adj.
1) not done or decided47 according to any plan or system, or for any particular reason 任意的，任性的，主观的
e.g. The choice of players for the team seems completely arbitrary.
2) decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly 专断的，武断的
e.g. If you would be less arbitrary when you deal with employees, they would be more loyal.
attacker*
n. a person who attacks 攻击者，进攻者，抨击者
backlog29
v. accumulate 积累，聚积（某物）
brutality*
n. brutal6 behavior, cruelty, savagery48 野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮
e.g. The newspapers published stories about the dictator's brutality.
casually*
adv. in a nonchalant, irresponsible way 漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地
e.g. "It's none of my business", he said, casually.
cold-blooded
adj. (of people or actions) without pity, cruel (指人或行为)无情的，残酷的
confinement*
n. being confined, imprisonment 限制，监禁
e.g. The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary49 confinement.
demoralizing
adj. destroying someone's confidence or spirit 削弱（某人）的自信或精神的，使士气低落的
e.g. The demoralizing comments were very negative.
electrocute
v. kill (a person or an animal) by means of an electric current 电死（人或动物），以电刑处死
electrocution
n. killing (a person or an animal) by means of an electric current 电死（人或动物），以电刑处死
impale24
v. pierce somebody or something with a sharp-pointed object 用尖物刺某人、某物
e.g. The dead deer was impaled on a spear.
jury
n. a group of usually twelve people chosen to decide questions of fact in a court of law 陪审团
e.g. The jury reached the decision that the accused was not guilty.
litigation
n. lawsuit50 诉讼
logic
n.
1) a particular way of reasoning, especially one which is reasonable and based on good judgment51 推理方法
e.g. If prices go up, wages will go up too-that's just logic.
2) the science or study of careful reasoning by formal methods 逻辑学
e.g. It's necessary to have a good grasp of the laws of logic.
lottery
n.
1) something whose result or worth is uncertain or risky52 碰巧（冒险）之事，碰运气
e.g. The legal system is nothing but a lottery these days.
2) a system in which many numbered tickets are sold, then a few chosen by chance, and prizes given to those who bought them 彩票
e.g. The national lottery will raise money for the arts.
ordeal
n. difficult or painful experience (especially one that tests a person's character or powers of endurance) 苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验
e.g. The soldier faced many ordeals53 during the war.
polygraph
n. a lie detector54 测谎器
premeditated
adj. planned in advance, thought out 预先计划好的，有预谋的
preservation *
n. action of preserving 保护，维护，保存，保留，保持
e.g. I) The aim of sports is the preservation of health.
II) The prime minister supported the preservation of the rain forest.
rapist
n. a person who commits rape 强奸者，强奸犯
retribution
n. deserved punishment or compensation for injury, etc. （由于伤害等）应得的惩罚或赔偿
reverent
adj. feeling or showing deep respect 恭敬的，虔诚的
sanctity
n. the quality of being holy or sacred 神圣，庄严
spawn35
v. appear or produce (something) in great numbers 大批涌现，大量生产（某事物）
e.g. The excellent university spawned55 many Nobel prize winners.
strap11
v.
1) fasten in place with a narrow piece of leather or other strong material around it 用带扣住，束牢，捆扎
e.g. Make sure you're firmly strapped in with a seat belt before the plane takes off.
2) (often passive) tie bandages firmly around a part of your body that has been hurt用绷带包扎
e.g. He had just injured himself playing football and his arm was strapped up.
n. a narrow strip of flexible material, especially leather, as for fastening or holding things together 带子，皮带
e.g. My camera strap has broken.
symbolic*
adj. of, being, or using a symbol 象征（性）的，
e.g. The power of the monarchy56 in Britain today is more symbolic than real.
trivialize *
v. make an important subject seem less important than it really is 使（某事情等）显得不重要
e.g. Their political role is often trivialized.
unintelligible
adj. impossible to understand 不可能理解的，难懂的
weird *
adj.
1) unusual and different from anything you have seen or heard before 不寻常的，古怪的
e.g. Mike's got a really weird sense of humor.
2) very strange, mysterious, or frightening 怪诞的，神秘的，可怕的
e.g. That's weird-I thought I'd left my keys on the table but they're not there.
Phrases and Expressions
back and forth
from one place to another and back again repeatedly 来回地
e.g. The shuttle bus runs back and forth between the airport and the downtown area.
close one's eyes to something
ignore something 不理会某事物，视而不见，熟视无睹
e.g. The Government seems to be closing its eyes to the plight57 (困境) of the unemployed58.
inflict something on somebody
make somebody suffer (a blow, penalty, etc.) 使某人遭受（打击、惩罚等）
e.g. People were accusing her of inflicting59 bad fortune on them through evil magic.
keep...in mind
remember 记住
e.g. We have no vacancies60 now, but we'll certainly keep your application in mind.
lose one's mind
start to become mentally ill or behave in a strange way 发神经病，精神错乱
e.g. I have so much to do, I feel like I'm going to lose my mind.
lose patience with
stop being patient and get angry with 对......失去耐心
e.g. I warn you, I'm beginning to lose my patience with you.
PASSAGE II The Criminals Go Unpunished
Why do we tolerate abuses of justice that let the innocent suffer and wrongdoers go unpunished?
Most nations have well-developed judicial61 systems which guarantee that most criminals are punished for their crimes. But sometimes criminals are not convicted of their crimes because of flaws and errors in judicial decision-making. Sometimes the judicial system treats the wronged person more severely62 than the criminal. The following examples illustrate63 different types of crimes in different parts of the United States.
Overcrowded Streets
Jeffrey Jones, a 34-year-old homeless man, arrived in Philadelphia from New York and promptly64 was arrested for stealing a city trash truck. He signed his own $5000 bail65 and was released without paying a cent, common practice in Philadelphia for what is considered a relatively66 minor67 crime. The charges were eventually dropped[1]. Hours after his release, Jones was arrested for holding up a bank. He was released the next day, again after signing his own bail, this time set at $25,000. Two days later, he was charged with robbing two more banks. This time he went to jail.
His previous quick releases came because the city's prisons were full and they would accept no more prisoners. A 1991 federal-court consent decree[2]-designed to fight prison crowding-keeps many criminal suspects from going to jail. Under its terms, agreed to by lawyers for the prisoners and the city administration, a suspected bank robber needs to be accused of carrying a firearm, a knife or an explosive in order for authorities to keep him in jail to await trial.
Jones was unarmed. According to arrest reports, he simply handed tellers68 notes demanding money. In order to put Jones in jail, the prosecutor69 was forced to obtain an exception to the consent decree, because, under the court's rules, no matter how many times Jones robbed a bank unarmed, he would not have been admitted to jail.
Judicial Burglary
When grocery-store owner Guy Mefford suspected that his business was going to be burglarized, he decided to spend the night there. The store already had been robbed over 50 times.
Sure enough, sometime after dark a burglar broke into the store. Mefford, so armed with a gun he kept in the store, ordered the intruder to halt, but the man kept coming. The store owner fired, hitting the burglar and wounding him slightly.
The burglar, found guilty of breaking into the store, was put on four years' probation70, sentenced to 180 days in jail and ordered to do 200 hours of community service.
Mefford got an effectively stiffer sentence for aggravated71 assault[3]. The judge put Mefford on probation for four years and ordered him to pay a $10,000 fine. Adding insult to injury, he was forced to sell his store.
Informed Consent
What happens when police officers do exactly what they are supposed to do and apprehend72 someone transporting 13 pounds of cocaine73?
Judges let the criminal go.
On November 8, 1989, two Arizona Department of Public Safety officers followed Ronald Swanson's rental74 car because he appeared to be speeding.
When he changed lanes without signaling, they pulled him over and issued a warning.[4]
The officers had been instructed to watch for communications equipment that would indicate potential drug transporters. Swanson was supposedly going to New York for a family reunion, yet he had in the car a cellular75 phone, a CB[5] radio, a radar76 detector and several pagers.
The officers asked him for permission to look in the car. "You can look", Swanson said. Screws on the left-rear door panel had been damaged. When they removed the panel, the officers discovered 13 pounds of cocaine.
Swanson was sentenced to prison and fined $150,000. He appealed.
Arizona Court of Appeals judges overturned the conviction, stating that removing the door panel exceeded "the scope of the defendant's consent"[6].
What more could the officers have done? The court didn't know: "We do not propose to announce just what steps the off icers might have taken to investigate further. We merely hold that... probable cause was lacking and the officers conducted an unreasonable77 search ... in violation78 of the Fourth Amendment79[7]."
Very Impressive Fellow
It's no wonder that the law-abiding taxpayer80 has had it with [8]“the system”. The system is more concerned with "low self-esteem" and "feelings" than with whether you and I will be safe on the streets.
Frank O'Connor, from Massachusetts, kidnapped and assaulted a 12-year-old boy. Some stupid judge gave him a suspended sentence and probation. Later, he kidnapped two young boys, brutally81 assaulted them and demanded ransom82 from their parents.
O'Connor was sent to prison, and shortly thereafter was placed in a treatment center for very dangerous persons. A year later, he petitioned the court for release.
A psychiatrist83, a psychologist and members of the center's review board[9] testified that O'Connor was still very dangerous but one of O'Connor's therapists said he had worked to "get in touch with his feelings" and "gain more of his sense of self-esteem[10]". Another doctor stated that "he probably is not a dangerous person at this time".
The Chief Justice of the Superior Court said, "I'm impressed with this fellow," and declared Frank O'Connor no longer dangerous. O'Connor was back on the streets two years later.
Last February, O'Connor was charged with kidnapping and assaulting a 16-year-old boy, and with subsequently attempting to kill him. (886 words)
Proper Names
Arizona
亚利桑那州（美国州名）
Arizona Court of Appeals
亚利桑那上诉法庭
Arizona Department of Public Safety
亚利桑那公共安全部
Chief Justice of the Superior Court
高级法院主法官
Guy Mefford
（男子名）盖伊.梅福德
Jeffrey Jones
(男子名)杰弗里.琼斯
Ronald Swanson
(男子名)罗纳德.斯旺森
New Words
amendment *
n. minor alteration84 or addition to a document, etc. 对文件等所作的次要的修改或增添
e.g. So many amendments85 were made to the law that its original meaning was completely changed.
apprehend
v. seize(somebody),arrest拘押，逮捕
bail
n. money left with a court of law so that a prisoner may be set free until he/she is tried 保释金
brutally *
adv. cruelly, savagely86, mercilessly 残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地
e.g. The man was punished for treating his horse brutally.
cellular
adj.
1) used in "cellular phone", a telephone which operates using radio signals and can be freely moved from one place to another 移动电话
2) of or consisting of cells 细胞的，由细胞组成的
detector *
n. device for detecting changes in pressure or temperature, metals, explosives, etc. 探测器
e.g. The family woke up when the smoke detector sounded an alarm.
firearm
n. portable gun of any sort 便携式枪支
judicial
adj.
1) of or related to a court of law, judges, or their judgments87 司法的，法庭的，审判的
e.g. The two territories had differing political, judicial, and educational systems.
2) able to judge things wisely, impartial44 明断的，公正的
e.g. a judicial heart
overturn
v.
1) change a decision or result so that it becomes the opposite of what it was before 推翻决定、结果等
e.g. The decision was finally overturned by the Supreme Court last year.
2) turn over or cause something to turn over 翻倒，倾覆，使......翻倒
e.g. I) The car overturned while it slid into the ditch （沟）.
II) Bill overturned his car when he drove into a ditch.
pager
n. a small device that you carry or wear, which makes a noise to tell you that someone wants you to telephone them 传呼机
panel
n.
1) a separate usually four-sided division of the surface of a door, wall etc., which is different in some way to the surface round it (门、墙、天花板等的)镶板，嵌板
e.g. The treasure was hidden behind a movable panel in the wall.
2) a group of people with skills or specialist knowledge who have been chosen to give advice or opinions on a particular subject 专门小组，评判小组
e.g. A panel of experts discussed the epidemic88 on the news program.
3) a board in a car, plane, boat etc., on which the controls are fixed89 控制板，仪表盘
e.g. The electrician fixed the faulty wires inside the panel.
probation
n. the system of allowing a lawbreaker to go free and unpunished if he/she will promise to behave well 缓刑
e.g. During her period of probation, Anne reported to the police weekly.
ransom
n. money etc., paid for the release of a captive 赎金，用以赎身之物
rental*
1) adj. that is rented 租来的
e.g. We had a rental car when we were on vacation.
2) n. the money that you pay to use a car, television, tools etc. over a period of time 租金
e.g. Have you paid this month's television rental?
reunion
n.
1) a state of being brought together again after a period of being separated 重聚，团聚
e.g. Joseph's eventual19 reunion with his brother was sheer luck.
2) (久别后的)聚会，联谊活动
e.g. Most of my high-school class attended the twentieth reunion.
scope
n.
1) the range of things that a subject, activity, book etc., deals with （处理、研究事物的）范围
e.g. The politics of the country is really beyond the scope of a tourist book like this.
2) the opportunity to do or develop something (发挥能力等的)余地，机会
e.g. The government is hoping there will be plenty of scope for tax cuts before the next election.
stiff
adj.
1) severe, tough 严厉的，激烈的
e.g. I still don't think his offense deserved such a stiff penalty.
2) rigid90, not flexible, hard to bend 硬的，僵直的，不灵活的
e.g. My neck was stiff from driving all day long.
subsequently *
adv. afterwards 后来，随后，接着
e.g. Brooke was arrested and subsequently sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
transporter *
n. a person who takes something from one place to another in a vehicle 运送者，运输者
unarmed
adj. without weapons 无武器的，未武装的
violation *
n. an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc. 违反，侵犯
e.g. Listening to another's telephone conversation is a violation of privacy.
wrongdoer
n. a person who does something immoral91 or illegal 做不道德的或不合法的事情的人，做坏事的人
Phrases and Expressions
add insult to injury
make a situation even more upsetting for someone, when they have already been badly or unfairly treated 伤害之外又加侮辱（使关系更糟），雪上加霜
e.g. The judge added insult to injury for the victim by putting the criminal on probation.
hold up something
rob something using the threat of force or violence 以武力或暴力威胁抢劫
e.g. Masked men held up a security van in South London yesterday.
on probation
(of a law-breaker) undergoing a period of probation （指违法者）服缓刑
e.g. He's been released from prison on probation.
pull over
move to the side of the road and stop (将车)停靠在路边
e.g. Just pull over here, and I'll get out and walk the rest of the way.
watch (out) for
keep on looking for 密切注意，留意
e.g. When you buy a quilt, watch out for inferior or inadequate92 fillings.
PASSAGE III Crime Prevention
Criminologists have not successfully explained why some people become criminals while others do not, nor have they explained why some people benefit from rehabilitation93 programs[1] while in detention94 or in prison and while some others do not. And they clearly do not explain why crime prevention has had such mixed success[2] in different countries and different cultures.
Instead of imprisonment, some criminologists have suggested a radically95 different approach to crime prevention, asserting that "situational crime prevention" is more effective than traditional efforts to prevent crime. These professionals have begun to think of crime as the result of human situations and opportunities. This approach focuses on behaviors of criminals in specific situations, and tries to base crime prevention on changing the situations and opportunities which favor crime, thereby96 taking away the conditions in which crimes occur.
British criminologist Ron Clarke is a leading advocate of this viewpoint. His methods of finding practical ways to prevent crime surprise many conventional criminologists. He says finding practical solutions imposes good discipline on everybody. If a crime prevention system does not work, it is probably not very good in the first place. If it does work, criminology will improve as a science, too.
Some examples of situational crime prevention will illustrate the practical aspect of this approach. In Britain, for example, vandalism against traditional red double-deck buses has been a problem. Clarke's research indicated that most of the vandalism was on the upper deck, usually in the back row where supervision97 was least likely to occur. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism, and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares, vandalism did not often occur. It was only when some companies had removed the conductors and installed coin boxes to save money that vandalism occurred as a major problem. When conductors were hired again, vandalism dropped noticeably.
American motorcyclists complained about having to wear helmets, and in some states good helmet-laws were never enforced. Some riders complained that laws forcing them to wear a helmet were an invasion of their rights. The fact is, wherever helmet safety laws have been enacted98 and enforced, thefts of motorcycles were greatly reduced. Most motorcycle thefts were committed by "joyriders" who took the motorcycle on the spur of the moment. Joyriders do not usually have a big helmet with them when they see an attractive motorcycle, so non-helmeted riders could be positively99 identified as likely thieves of the motorcycles they were riding.
For many years, subway trains and subway stations of New York City were covered inside and out with graffiti. It made New York subways the ugliest anywhere. Because of graffiti and related problems the number of passengers was dropping, employee morale100 was low, and many efforts had failed to correct the problems related to the defacing of subway property. The president of the New York City Transit101 Authority started the "Clean Car Program". Included was the demand that all graffiti be cleaned off immediately[3] so that the offending graffiti painters would get no satisfaction from their work. In Sweden the government attacked the graffiti problem in another way. It prepared a pamphlet for tourists, "The World's Longest Art Gallery- The Stockholm Metro102". They commissioned more than 70 artists to make mosaics104, paintings, engravings, and wall reliefs in their subway system. This resulted in strange walls which were difficult to get paint onto or to find the right colors to cover the "art".
Finally, if these examples do not strike you as practical enough, or if you doubt that similar methods could work for violent crime prevention, consider the following facts. Several studies show that violent crimes are not usually an expression of stress and strains in life. All violence in some sense is rational and oriented toward a goal. The offender106 has some reason to attack someone else, even it is only a split-second thought[4]. The offender may commit violence to make someone else do what the offender wants (as with violent rape, etc). He may want to restore justice as he sees it (as with a poor person robbing a wealthy person, a store or a bank, which he sees as people or institutions which oppress him or his segment of society), or, he may merely want to assert and protect his own identity (as with a minority person who is trying to get even for something he sees as destructive of his ethnic107 group). A robbery may start out with the thief demanding your money and using or threatening force to get it. However, if you challenge the robber in front of his co-offenders, he may harm you to show his bravery and protect his own identity. That is why it is not a good idea to act in a belligerent108 way when someone is pointing a gun at you. It is well established[5] that fights among young drunk males usually occur as attempts to assert and protect identity. Domestic violence[6] also fits well into these categories.
It is not hard to guess that alcohol plays a major role in violence. It gives people "big mouths"[7] which often make aggressive statements that provoke counterattacks and restoration of justice. It also gives people "big ears" by causing people to hear things that were not said. Managing alcohol is part of preventing violence. This lesson has been well learned in soccer and other athletic109 arenas111 where beer and wine are sold to the fans. Most managers of these sports arenas prevent drunk people from entering, do not allow alcohol bottles or cans to be brought into the arena110 seating areas, and control the amount of beer that will be sold to a person or group which appears to be losing control because of alcohol consumption. These managers will sell only soft drinks to the largest part of the crowd, and limit beer and hard liquor[8] to those persons in corporate112 sponsored boxes and areas where obnoxious113 behavior is well controlled by the sponsors.
To prevent fights and conflicts between fans when leaving an athletic stadium, the strategy is to keep people moving, whether in cars or on foot, so they have little time to linger or to get angry with the opposing fans. A well-managed stadium prevents situations which could lead to violent behavior, and in this sense is an excellent application of situational crime prevention. (1063 words)
Proper Names
New York City Transit Authority
纽约市交通局
Ron Clarke
（男子名）罗恩.克拉克
Stockholm
斯德哥尔摩（瑞典首都）
Sweden
瑞典（北欧国家）
New Words
counterattack
1) n. an attack made in response to an enemy's attack 反击，反攻
e.g. The Republicans have launched a strong counterattack against the Democrats114' manifesto115 （宣言）.
2) v. make an attack in response to an enemy's attack 反击，反攻
e.g. The candidate counterattacked her rival with a powerful speech.
criminology
n. scientific study of crime 犯罪学
deface
v. spoil the appearance or legibility of (something) by marking or damaging the surface 损坏（某物）的外观或清晰度
e.g. She's been given 20 days in prison for defacing a poster of the President.
detention
n. detaining or being detained, especially in prison 滞留，拘留，（尤指）监禁
e.g. Jane threatened to sue the officer for her unlawful detention.
enforce
v.
1) put a law or regulation into force 实施，生效，执行
e.g. The police are there to enforce the law.
2) make something happen, especially by threats or force 强加，强迫，迫使（某事发生）
e.g. The teacher did not like to enforce rigid rules on the children.
engraving105
n.
1) picture printed from an engraved116 metal plate 版画
2) art of cutting or carving117 designs on metal, stone, etc.雕刻术，刻板术
graffiti
n. drawings or writing on a public wall, usually humorous, obscene or political (在公共墙壁上涂写的)图画或文字（通常含幽默、猥亵或政治性内容）
invasion
n. an unwelcome intrusion into another's domain118 侵犯
e.g. The athlete complained about the invasion of his privacy by the press.
joyrider
n. a person who drives around for pleasure in a car that he has just stolen 开车兜风的人（通常车是偷来的）
Metro
n. underground railway system in some cities, for example in Paris 一些城市的地下铁路（如巴黎）
mosaic103
n.
1) design or pattern made up of many different individual items, patchwork119 镶嵌画，镶嵌图案
2) picture or pattern made by placing together small pieces of glass, stone, etc., of different colors 马赛克（用不同颜色的小块玻璃、石子等材料拼凑、镶嵌成的图画或图案）
motorcyclist
n. rider of a motorcycle 骑摩托车的人
obnoxious
adj. very annoying, very irritating, very offensive 极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的
oppress
v.
1) rule or treat (somebody) with continual injustice120 or cruelty 压迫，压制（某人）
e.g. The people are oppressed by the military government.
2) make someone feel worried, uncomfortable or unhappy 使（心情等）沉重，使烦恼
e.g. The heat oppressed him and made him ill.
positively *
adv. with complete certainty, firmly 十分肯定地，坚定地
e.g. She positively assured me that it was true.
provoke
v.
1) cause a sudden reaction that is often very extreme or unpleasant 激起，引起
e.g. The mayor's speech provoked an angry outburst of protest.
2) irritate someone, make someone angry 对......挑衅，激怒
e.g. I) I'm not easily provoked, but this behavior is intolerable.
II) If you provoke the dog, it will bite you.
restoration *
n.
1) the act of bringing back a law, tax, or system of government 重新采用，恢复（法律等）
e.g. They are fighting for the restoration of democratic rights.
2) the returning of something to its original or regular condition 复原，修复
e.g. The restoration of the oil painting was very time-consuming.
soccer
n. (AmE) a game that is played between two teams of 11 players using a round ball that is kicked but not handled 足球.
e.g. John wanted to play soccer, but his school didn't have a team.
split-second
adj. (attributive) very rapid or accurate (表语)极快的，一刹那的，极精确的
e.g. The plan depends on split-second timing121.
stadium
n. enclosed area of land for games, athletic contests, etc., usually with seats for spectators 体育场，运动场（通常有看台)
e.g. Over 40,000 people filled the stadium to watch the football game.
theft
n. (act or instance of ) stealing 偷，行窃
e.g. A number of thefts have been reported recently.
vandalism
n. the damaging of other people's property or public property on purpose 恣意破坏别人或公共财产等的行为
Phrases and Expressions
get even (with)
harm someone just as much as he/she has harmed you 报复
e.g. She scratched the door of my car so I got even with her and let the air out of her tires.
impose something on somebody
use authority to force a condition, rule, etc. to be kept 强加于某人某事物
e.g. She was a harsh mother and imposed severe discipline on her children.
in the first place
firstly (used to emphasize a very important point or reason) 首先
e.g. This kind of information, in the first place, would have been very difficult for me to obtain and, in the second place, would have been useless anyhow.
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defense
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deter
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imprisonment
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condemned
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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killers
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| 凶手( killer的名词复数 )； 消灭…者； 致命物； 极难的事 | |
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strap
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| n.皮带，带子；v.用带扣住，束牢；用绷带包扎 | |
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strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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unintelligible
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| adj.无法了解的，难解的，莫明其妙的 | |
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ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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eventual
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| adj.最后的，结局的，最终的 | |
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alibi
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| n.某人当时不在犯罪现场的申辩或证明；借口 | |
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accomplice
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| n.从犯，帮凶，同谋 | |
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symbolic
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| adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的 | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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impale
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| v.用尖物刺某人、某物 | |
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impaled
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| 钉在尖桩上( impale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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randomly
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| adv.随便地，未加计划地 | |
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casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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backlog
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| n.积压未办之事 | |
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backlogged
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| （使）积压( backlog的过去式和过去分词 )； 储存； （为日后装运而）登账确认（订货） | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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isolation
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| n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离 | |
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defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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spawn
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| n.卵，产物，后代，结果；vt.产卵，种菌丝于，产生，造成；vi.产卵，大量生产 | |
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spawning
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| 产卵 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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lottery
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| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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impartially
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| adv.公平地，无私地 | |
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disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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savagery
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| n.野性 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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lawsuit
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| n.诉讼，控诉 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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risky
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| adj.有风险的，冒险的 | |
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ordeals
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| n.严峻的考验，苦难的经历( ordeal的名词复数 ) | |
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detector
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| n.发觉者，探测器 | |
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spawned
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| （鱼、蛙等）大量产（卵）( spawn的过去式和过去分词 )； 大量生产 | |
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monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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unemployed
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| adj.失业的，没有工作的；未动用的，闲置的 | |
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inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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vacancies
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| n.空房间( vacancy的名词复数 )；空虚；空白；空缺 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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tellers
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| n.（银行）出纳员( teller的名词复数 )；（投票时的）计票员；讲故事等的人；讲述者 | |
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prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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probation
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| n.缓刑(期)，(以观后效的)察看；试用(期) | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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cocaine
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| n.可卡因，古柯碱（用作局部麻醉剂） | |
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rental
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| n.租赁，出租，出租业 | |
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cellular
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| adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的 | |
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radar
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| n.雷达，无线电探测器 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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amendment
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| n.改正，修正，改善，修正案 | |
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taxpayer
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| n.纳税人 | |
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brutally
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| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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psychiatrist
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| n.精神病专家；精神病医师 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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amendments
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| （法律、文件的）改动( amendment的名词复数 )； 修正案； 修改； （美国宪法的）修正案 | |
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savagely
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| adv. 野蛮地，残酷地 | |
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judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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91
immoral
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| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
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92
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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93
rehabilitation
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| n.康复，悔过自新，修复，复兴，复职，复位 | |
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94
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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95
radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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96
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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97
supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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98
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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100
morale
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| n.道德准则，士气，斗志 | |
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101
transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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102
metro
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| n.地铁；adj.大都市的；(METRO)麦德隆(财富500强公司之一总部所在地德国，主要经营零售) | |
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103
mosaic
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| n./adj.镶嵌细工的，镶嵌工艺品的，嵌花式的 | |
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104
mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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105
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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106
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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107
ethnic
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| adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的 | |
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108
belligerent
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| adj.好战的，挑起战争的；n.交战国，交战者 | |
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109
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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110
arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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111
arenas
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| 表演场地( arena的名词复数 )； 竞技场； 活动或斗争的场所或场面； 圆形运动场 | |
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112
corporate
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| adj.共同的，全体的；公司的，企业的 | |
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113
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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114
democrats
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 ) | |
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115
manifesto
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| n.宣言，声明 | |
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116
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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117
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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118
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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119
patchwork
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| n.混杂物；拼缝物 | |
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120
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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121
timing
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| n.时间安排，时间选择 | |
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