经济学人332:宗教审查服务 上帝的外包工作

　　Business
商业报道
Religious investigation¹ services
宗教审查服务
The Lord's outsourced work
上帝的外包工作
The Vatican introduces price controls on the saint-verifying business
罗马教廷在圣徒核查领域引入价格控制机制
IF YOU came across an essay titled The Cost of Sainthood you might assume it was a homily on the self-sacrificing life of some heroic person.
如果你偶然看到一篇文章题为《圣徒的代价》，你可能以为这是一篇关于某个英雄人物自我牺牲的道德说教。
But it turns out that sainthood has a cost in a more literal sense—and it has been rising.
但是事实上，作为圣徒还有一个实际意义上的花费，而且这个花费在不断增加。
2_副本.jpgWhen Cardinal² John O'Connor ofNew Yorkstarted a campaign for the canonisation of Dorothy Day, an activist³ who toiled⁴ among the city's poor, some said this was a bad use of church funds.
多罗西·戴是一名挣扎在纽约贫苦人群中的激进主义分子。纽约主教约翰·欧·康纳为其的圣徒册封仪式发起活动，而有人说这一行为滥用了教派基金。
He retorted that the expense was not excessive: an initiative to canonise a Haitian-born New Yorker called Pierre Toussaint, already well advanced, had cost less than $4,000
主教反驳道，此项花费并非多度：为一名出生在海地的纽约人皮埃尔·图森特发起的册封倡议已经花费超过4000美元，而这一活动进展非常顺利。
But that was in the late 1990s. These days a successful canonisation campaign launched inAmericatypically costs around $250,000, and can go far higher, says the Catholic News Service, an agency editorially independent of the church.
独立于教会的编辑代理机构《天主教新闻通讯社》称，但是那是在二十世纪九十年代末期。现在在美国，一项成功的圣徒册封活动大致需要花费25万美元甚至更高。
The procedures for having somebody recognised as a saint are elaborate and bureaucratic⁵.
让某人受封成为圣徒的程序复杂精细而又庄严肃穆。
They require an exchange of documents and expertise⁶ over many years between the person's home region and theVatican.
需要主教奔赴候选人的家乡，调查相关文献，并将资料送到教会，获得相关专家的意见。
All sorts of experts may be called in, including doctors, who are asked to comment on the two miraculous⁷ cures which are a prerequisite⁸ for full sainthood.
这一过程将历时多年。各类专家将会被召集，其中也包括医生，他们将会对两种疑难杂症的治愈过程进行评价，因为这是完全成为圣徒的首要条件之一。
And a key role is played by an expert, often a Rome-based canon lawyer, known as a postulator, who mediates⁹ between the candidate's fan base and theVatican, and helps prepare a case for sainthood.
另外，专家也将发挥重要作用。这个专家通常是一个来自于罗马的寺院律师，被叫做列圣申请官。
To the dismay of Dan Brown fans, the role of devil's advocate, who argued against a prospective¹⁰ sainthood, was abolished in 1983.
他将会在候选人的支持者基地和罗马教会之间进行调停，并协助候选人的受封仪式。令丹·布朗的追随者沮丧的是，扮演与候选圣徒唱反调的魔鬼辩护人的角色在1983年被取缔。
The whole business will come under scrutiny¹¹ this year, with two recentish popes—John XXIII and John Paul II—due to be proclaimed saints in April.
今年，圣徒册封仪式将会在准教皇约翰二十三世和约翰·保罗二世两位的仔细审查下进行。
This helps explain why, in a speech to postulators this month, Cardinal Angelo Amato, who oversees¹² the Vatican's sainthood department, disclosed that it had introduced a reference tariff—in effect, price regulation—for the costs incurred¹³ in promoting a possible saint.
这两位将会在今年四月正式宣誓上任。这也就是为什么本月掌管罗马教廷圣徒机构的主教安格鲁·阿玛托在致列圣申请官的讲话中提到的，他们将会针对提名一个圣徒候选人所产生的相关费用引进一项举荐关税。 这项关税实际上是一种价格规章。
The department will also continue to ensure that candidates from poor countries, whose backers are less able to pay for elaborate verification services, get a fair hearing.
这个机构也会继续确保来自贫穷国家的人们有机会成为候选人。这些人们的支持者无力支付详尽审查服务的费用或举行一个公平的听证会。
Even that policy has its detractors.
但这个政策仍然有反对的声音。
Bill Briggs, author of a book on canonisation, has argued that the investigation system introduced by John Paul II, since it is less adversarial than before, was a marketing¹⁴ coup¹⁵: it facilitated a wave of new saints in emerging markets, helping¹⁶ to recruit new souls to Catholicism.
比尔·布里格斯写了一本关于圣徒册封仪式的著作。在书中，他驳斥由教皇约翰·保罗二世引入的候选人调查制度是一个营销诡计，因为该制度不像以往那样具有反抗意识。它催生了新兴市场里一批新圣徒的诞生，为天主教注入了新鲜的血液。
But sainthood is never just a matter of money.
但是成为圣徒决不是只关乎金钱。
Some see the canonisation of two popes—a Polish conservative and an Italian reformer—as a way to reconcile traditionalists and radicals¹⁷.
有人认为两位教皇的册封，是传统主义者和激进分子相互妥协的一种方式。
And Meaghan O'Keefe of the University of California,Davissees the promotion¹⁸ of Dorothy Day as a move by male bishops¹⁹ to neutralise the country's left-leaning nuns²⁰.
加州大学戴维斯分校的米根·欧·基夫认为男性主教对多罗西·戴的提名，旨在寻求国家重心的平均分配，而不是过度倾向于关注修道院。
Politics comes into the picture, as well as Mammon.
政治问题以及财富收入也成为成为需要考虑的相关因素。

1 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

2 cardinal   

n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的

参考例句：

• This is a matter of cardinal significance.这是非常重要的事。
• The Cardinal coloured with vexation. 红衣主教感到恼火，脸涨得通红。

3 activist   

n.活动分子，积极分子

参考例句：

• He's been a trade union activist for many years.多年来他一直是工会的积极分子。
• He is a social activist in our factory.他是我厂的社会活动积极分子。

4 toiled   

长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉

参考例句：

• They toiled up the hill in the blazing sun. 他们冒着炎炎烈日艰难地一步一步爬上山冈。
• He toiled all day long but earned very little. 他整天劳碌但挣得很少。

5 bureaucratic   

adj.官僚的，繁文缛节的

参考例句：

• The sweat of labour washed away his bureaucratic airs.劳动的汗水冲掉了他身上的官气。
• In this company you have to go through complex bureaucratic procedures just to get a new pencil.在这个公司里即使是领一支新铅笔，也必须通过繁琐的手续。

6 expertise   

n.专门知识(或技能等)，专长

参考例句：

• We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。
• You really have the technical expertise in a new breakthrough.让你真正在专业技术上有一个全新的突破。

7 miraculous   

adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的

参考例句：

• The wounded man made a miraculous recovery.伤员奇迹般地痊愈了。
• They won a miraculous victory over much stronger enemy.他们战胜了远比自己强大的敌人，赢得了非凡的胜利。

8 prerequisite   

n.先决条件；adj.作为前提的，必备的

参考例句：

• Stability and unity are a prerequisite to the four modernizations.安定团结是实现四个现代化的前提。
• It is a prerequisite of entry to the profession that you pass the exams.做这一行的先决条件是要通过了有关的考试。

9 mediates   

调停，调解，斡旋( mediate的第三人称单数 )； 居间促成； 影响…的发生； 使…可能发生

参考例句：

• We therefore investigated whether hypercoagulability mediates a beneficial effect during denovo atherogenesis. 因此我们研究了高凝在原位动脉粥样硬化形成中是否介导了有益的作用。
• Not happy when the mood that how mediates oneself? 不开心的时候怎样调解自己的情绪？

10 prospective   

adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的

参考例句：

• The story should act as a warning to other prospective buyers.这篇报道应该对其他潜在的购买者起到警示作用。
• They have all these great activities for prospective freshmen.这会举办各种各样的活动来招待未来的新人。

11 scrutiny   

n.详细检查，仔细观察

参考例句：

• His work looks all right,but it will not bear scrutiny.他的工作似乎很好，但是经不起仔细检查。
• Few wives in their forties can weather such a scrutiny.很少年过四十的妻子经得起这么仔细的观察。

12 oversees   

v.监督，监视( oversee的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• She oversees both the research and the manufacturing departments. 她既监督研究部门又监督生产部门。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Department of Education oversees the federal programs dealing with education. 教育部监管处理教育的联邦程序。 来自互联网

13 incurred   

[医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式

参考例句：

• She had incurred the wrath of her father by marrying without his consent 她未经父亲同意就结婚，使父亲震怒。
• We will reimburse any expenses incurred. 我们将付还所有相关费用。

14 marketing   

n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西

参考例句：

• They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
• He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。

15 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

16 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

17 radicals   

n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals. 一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The worry is that the radicals will grow more intransigent. 现在人们担忧激进分子会变得更加不妥协。 来自辞典例句

18 promotion   

n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传

参考例句：

• The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
• The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级，加了薪。

19 bishops   

（基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象

参考例句：

• Each player has two bishops at the start of the game. 棋赛开始时，每名棋手有两只象。
• "Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. “他劫富济贫，抢的都是郡长、主教、国王之类的富人。

20 nuns   

n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Ah Q had always had the greatest contempt for such people as little nuns. 小尼姑之流是阿Q本来视如草芥的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Nuns are under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. 修女须立誓保持清贫、贞洁、顺从。 来自辞典例句