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经济学人:过剩学问:产能过剩和产能不足(1)

时间:2018-12-03 08:15来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   Economics Brief 经济学简介

  Six Big Ideas: Overcapacity and undercapacity 六大经济学理论:产能过剩和产能不足
  Glutology 过剩的学问
  The third brief in our series on big economice ideas looks at Say's law 我们有关重大经济思想系列的第三篇文章考察的是萨伊定律。
  In 1804 Jean-Baptiste Say enrolled1 in the National Conservatory2 of Arts and Crafts in Paris to learn the principles of spinning cotton. 1804年,让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊在巴黎国民工艺美院报名入学,学习纺织棉花的原理。
  The new student was 37 years old, points out his biographer, Evert Schoorl,  他的传记作者艾佛特·斯库尔 (Evert Schoorl)指出,这名新学生当时已经37岁,
  with a pregnant wife, four children and a successful career in politics and letters trailing behind him. 有一位已经怀孕的妻子、4个孩子以及在政界和文坛的功成名就。
  To resume his studies, he had turned down two lucrative3 offers from France's most powerful man, Napoleon Bonaparte. 为了重新开始学习,他已经拒绝了来自当时法国最有权势的人——拿破仑·波拿巴的两次厚邀。
  The ruler would have paid him handsomely to write in support of his policies. 这位统治者本来要重金聘请他,让他撰写支持他的政策的文章。
  But rather than “deliver orations4 in favour of the usurper”, Say decided5 instead to build a cotton mill, spinning yarn6 not policy. 但是,萨伊不但没有“发表美化这位篡位者的文章”,反而决定建造一座棉纺厂,纺纱织布,而不是制定政策。
  Napoleon was right to value (and fear) Say's pen. 拿破仑重视(并害怕)萨伊的这支笔是对的。
  As a pamphleteer, editor, scholar and adviser7, he was a passionate8 advocate for free speech, trade and markets. 作为一名小册子作者、编辑、学者和顾问,他是一位自由言论、自由贸易和自由市场的热情支持者。
  He had imbibed9 liberal principles from his heavily annotated10 copy of Adam Smith's "The Wealth Of Nations” and bolstered11 his patriotic12 credentials13 in battle against Prussian invaders14.  他从他那本满是注释的亚当·斯密的《国富论》的书中汲取了自由原则,并在抗击普鲁士入侵者的战斗巩固了他的爱国者声誉
  (During breaks in the fighting, he discussed literature and political economy with other learned volunteers “almost within cannonballs' reach”. ) (在战斗间隙,他曾与其他几位博学的自愿者“几乎是在炮弹射程之内”,讨论文学和政治经济学。)
  His greatest work was “A Treatise15 on Political Economy”, a graceful16 exposition (and extension) of Smith's economic ideas. 他最伟大的作品是《政治经济学概论》(A Treatise on Political Economy),这是一部对亚当·斯密的经济学思想做出了优雅的阐释(和扩充)的著作。
  In Say's time, as nowadays, the world economy combined strong technological17 progress with fitful demand, spurts18 of innovation with bouts19 of austerity. 在萨伊那个时代,如同现在一样,世界经济集强大的技术进步与断断续续的需求、创新的迸发与紧缩的发作于一身。
  In France output of yarn grew by 125% from 1806 to 1808, when Say was starting his factory. 就在萨伊创办自己的工厂时,法国的纱线产出在1806年到1808年间增长了125%。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 enrolled ff7af27948b380bff5d583359796d3c8     
adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 );登记,招收,使入伍(或入会、入学等),参加,成为成员;记入名册;卷起,包起
参考例句:
  • They have been studying hard from the moment they enrolled. 从入学时起,他们就一直努力学习。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He enrolled with an employment agency for a teaching position. 他在职业介绍所登了记以谋求一个教师的职位。 来自《简明英汉词典》
2 conservatory 4YeyO     
n.温室,音乐学院;adj.保存性的,有保存力的
参考例句:
  • At the conservatory,he learned how to score a musical composition.在音乐学校里,他学会了怎样谱曲。
  • The modern conservatory is not an environment for nurturing plants.这个现代化温室的环境不适合培育植物。
3 lucrative dADxp     
adj.赚钱的,可获利的
参考例句:
  • He decided to turn his hobby into a lucrative sideline.他决定把自己的爱好变成赚钱的副业。
  • It was not a lucrative profession.那是一个没有多少油水的职业。
4 orations f18fbc88c8170b051d952cb477fd24b1     
n.(正式仪式中的)演说,演讲( oration的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The young official added a genuine note of emotion amid the pompous funeral orations. 这位年轻的高级官员,在冗长的葬礼演讲中加了一段充满感情的话。 来自辞典例句
  • It has to go down as one of the great orations of all times. 它去作为一个伟大的演讲所有次。 来自互联网
5 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
6 yarn LMpzM     
n.纱,纱线,纺线;奇闻漫谈,旅行轶事
参考例句:
  • I stopped to have a yarn with him.我停下来跟他聊天。
  • The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
7 adviser HznziU     
n.劝告者,顾问
参考例句:
  • They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
  • Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。
8 passionate rLDxd     
adj.热情的,热烈的,激昂的,易动情的,易怒的,性情暴躁的
参考例句:
  • He is said to be the most passionate man.据说他是最有激情的人。
  • He is very passionate about the project.他对那个项目非常热心。
9 imbibed fc2ca43ab5401c1fa27faa9c098ccc0d     
v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 );喝;吸取;吸气
参考例句:
  • They imbibed the local cider before walking home to dinner. 他们在走回家吃饭之前喝了本地的苹果酒。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Hester Prynne imbibed this spirit. 海丝特 - 白兰汲取了这一精神。 来自英汉文学 - 红字
10 annotated c2a54daf2659390553c9665593260606     
v.注解,注释( annotate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Thematic maps should always be annotated with the source and date of the topical information. 各类专题地图,均应注明专题资料来源和日期。 来自辞典例句
  • And this is the version annotated by Umberto de Bologna. 并且这是有安博多-德-波罗格那注释的版本。 来自电影对白
11 bolstered 8f664011b293bfe505d7464c8bed65c8     
v.支持( bolster的过去式和过去分词 );支撑;给予必要的支持;援助
参考例句:
  • He bolstered his plea with new evidence. 他举出新的证据来支持他的抗辩。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The data must be bolstered by inferences and indirect estimates of varying degrees of reliability. 这些资料必须借助于推理及可靠程度不同的间接估计。 来自辞典例句
12 patriotic T3Izu     
adj.爱国的,有爱国心的
参考例句:
  • His speech was full of patriotic sentiments.他的演说充满了爱国之情。
  • The old man is a patriotic overseas Chinese.这位老人是一位爱国华侨。
13 credentials credentials     
n.证明,资格,证明书,证件
参考例句:
  • He has long credentials of diplomatic service.他的外交工作资历很深。
  • Both candidates for the job have excellent credentials.此项工作的两个求职者都非常符合资格。
14 invaders 5f4b502b53eb551c767b8cce3965af9f     
入侵者,侵略者,侵入物( invader的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They prepared to repel the invaders. 他们准备赶走侵略军。
  • The family has traced its ancestry to the Norman invaders. 这个家族将自己的世系追溯到诺曼征服者。
15 treatise rpWyx     
n.专著;(专题)论文
参考例句:
  • The doctor wrote a treatise on alcoholism.那位医生写了一篇关于酗酒问题的论文。
  • This is not a treatise on statistical theory.这不是一篇有关统计理论的论文。
16 graceful deHza     
adj.优美的,优雅的;得体的
参考例句:
  • His movements on the parallel bars were very graceful.他的双杠动作可帅了!
  • The ballet dancer is so graceful.芭蕾舞演员的姿态是如此的优美。
17 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
18 spurts 8ccddee69feee5657ab540035af5f753     
短暂而突然的活动或努力( spurt的名词复数 ); 突然奋起
参考例句:
  • Great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun. 太阳气体射出形成大爆发。
  • Spurts of warm rain blew fitfully against their faces. 阵阵温热的雨点拍打在他们脸上。
19 bouts 2abe9936190c45115a3f6a38efb27c43     
n.拳击(或摔跤)比赛( bout的名词复数 );一段(工作);(尤指坏事的)一通;(疾病的)发作
参考例句:
  • For much of his life he suffered from recurrent bouts of depression. 他的大半辈子反复发作抑郁症。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • It was one of fistiana's most famous championship bouts. 这是拳击界最有名的冠军赛之一。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
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