经济学人236:动物的认知 人类的挚友

 　　Science and technology

　　科学技术

　　Animal cognition

　　动物的认知

　　Man's best friend

　　人类的挚友

　　Can dogs really show empathy towards humans?

　　狗真的能感受人类的情绪吗？

　　I feel your pain.

　　我能体会你的痛楚

　　DOGS quickly become part of the family.

　　狗很快成了人类家庭中的一员，

　　Tales abound¹ of dogs celebrating joy in a household or commiserating² when tragedy strikes.

　　它们庆祝家庭喜事，怜悯悲剧的发生，这种故事屡见不鲜。

　　This may not seem surprising after 15,000 years of co-evolution.

　　在人类与狗共同进化了一万五千年之后，这点或许并不稀奇。

　　But what hard evidence is there of dogs' empathy with humans?

　　但有没有确凿的证据能够证明狗能体会人类的感受呢？

　　A new experiment suggests that behind all the waggy tails there really is something deeper going on.

　　最近一项新的实验表明，狗狗背后的确隐藏着更深的含义。

　　Past experiments have hinted that animals can feel sympathy.

　　以往的一些实验已经间接地表明动物们也具有同情心。

　　Rats and monkeys had been found to forgo³ food to avoid delivering electric shocks to relatives.

　　科学家发现，老鼠和猴子会放弃食物，以防自己受到电击而危害同伴。

　　Similarly, apes have recently been documented consoling one another after conflicts.

　　类似的还有大猩猩，它们会在发生争斗后彼此安慰。

　　However, all these experiments and observations were demonstrating an animal's sensitivity to distress⁴ in other members of the same species.

　　然而这些实验和观察都只能证明同物种的动物相互之间拥有感受痛楚的能力。

　　Deborah Custance and Jennifer Mayer of Goldsmiths College, London,

　　伦敦金史密斯大学的黛博拉·科斯坦斯与詹妮弗·梅耶正在着手研究狗，

　　set out to see if dogs could detect the emotional state of humans.

　　看它们能否察觉人类的情绪状态。

　　To do this, Dr Custance and Ms Mayer conducted an experiment to study the response of dogs when a nearby human suddenly began to cry.

　　为了研究这个问题，科斯坦斯博士与梅耶女士进行了一项试验。

　　The researchers knew that interpreting responses would be difficult,

　　他们将狗安排在一个人身边，观察狗在此人突然开始哭泣时的反应。他们深知想要解读狗的反应是十分困难的，

　　since dogs tend to whine⁵, nuzzle, lick, lay their heads in laps and fetch toys for people in distress.

　　因为狗在这种条件下经常会发出呜呜声，把鼻子贴在人的大腿上并蹭蹭舔舔，还会在人类悲伤时叼来玩具哄人开心。

　　Although such actions hint at a dog wishing to offer comfort, they could also be signs of curiosity, or suggest that a dog is simply distressed⁶ by seeing its master upset.

　　尽管这样的行为暗示着它们想要给主人提供安慰，但同时也可能仅仅代表了它们的好奇心，又或者它们只是看到主人懊恼感到忧虑罢了。

　　To work round this, the researchers presented 18 dogs of various breeds with four separate 20-second conditions.

　　为了能够正确解读狗的反应，研究者在实验中采用了18条不同品种的狗并将它们分别置于时长均为20秒的四种不同的情境中，

　　They included their owner crying, a stranger crying and both taking it in turns to hum Mary had a little lamb.

　　分别为主人在一旁哭泣、陌生人在一旁哭泣、主人与陌生人轮流对狗狗哼唱玛丽有只小羊羔。

　　All four of these conditions were preceded by two minutes of mundane⁷ conversation between Ms Mayer, who filled the role of the stranger, and the dog's owner.

　　在每种情境开始前，梅耶女士都会充当陌生人的角色与狗的主人进行时长两分钟的常规交谈。

　　Dr Custance and Ms Mayer suspected that if exposure to crying led dogs to feel distress, then regardless of who was crying, the dog would go to their master to seek comfort.

　　科斯坦斯博士与梅耶女士猜想如果狗看到人类哭泣会感到悲伤的话，无论是其主人还是陌生人，狗都会去主人那里寻求安慰。

　　They also theorised that if curiosity, rather than empathy, was the driving force, then the humming would cause dogs to engage with people.

　　他们还建立了一个理论，如果使狗接近人类的是它们好奇心而非感情上的共鸣，那么哼唱小曲同样会使狗跟人类进行互动。

　　As they report in Animal Cognition, person-oriented behaviour did sometimes take place when either the stranger or the owner hummed,

　　正如他们在动物的认知中描述的一样，不管是陌生人还是狗的主人哼唱小曲儿，有时候狗的确会对人类的这些活动作出一定回应，

　　but it was more than twice as likely to occur if someone was crying.

　　但哭泣的人吸引到狗注意的概率比唱歌的人要高出两倍以上。

　　This indicated that dogs were differentiating⁸ between odd behaviour and crying.

　　这表明狗能区分哭泣与其他一些奇怪的行为。

　　And of the 15 dogs in the experiment that showed person-oriented responses when the stranger cried,

　　在此次实验中有15条狗在看到陌生人哭泣时表现出了同情人类的行为，

　　all of them directed their attention towards the stranger rather than their owner.

　　这些狗都把注意力转向了哭泣的陌生人而非它们的主人。

　　These discoveries suggest that dogs do have the ability to express empathetic concern.

　　这些发现表明狗的确有表达关心的能力。

　　But although the results are clear enough, Dr Custance argues that more work needs to be done to be sure that such behaviour is true empathy.

　　科斯坦斯博士说，尽管结论已经十分明确，我们仍需要更多做工来确定它们的行为是否真的因为它们能体会人类的感受。

　　It is possible, she points out, that the dogs were drawing on previous experiences in which they were rewarded for approaching distressed human companions.

　　她指出，狗可能是出于以往获得的经验即靠近它们的人类同伴能获得奖励进而表现出这种行为。

　　Dog-owners, however, are unlikely to need any more convincing.

　　而对于狗能通人性这一点狗主人已经十分清楚了。

　　1.cognition n.认识，认知

　　It gives you a great window into human cognition.

　　这是观察人类认知方式的绝好窗口。

　　2.commiserating v.怜悯，同情

　　Michael reminded everyone, don't forget the repenting⁹ heart, the commiserating heart, the gratitude¹⁰ and grasping the true significance of the life everytime.

　　李老师提醒大家要有忏悔之心、怜悯之心、感恩之心及领悟人生真谛。

　　3.experiment n.实验

　　I started this experiment 3 years ago.

　　我开始这个实验有3年了。

　　4.console v.安慰，慰问

　　At least hong kongers can console themselves with the diversity of apartments available on the market.

　　至少市场上可租公寓的多样性可以让香港人聊以慰藉。

　　5.observation n.观察；观察力

　　Mr allen and his colleagues made one other observation.

　　艾伦先生及其同事还有另一个观察结果。

1 abound   

vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于

参考例句：

• Oranges abound here all the year round.这里一年到头都有很多橙子。
• But problems abound in the management of State-owned companies.但是在国有企业的管理中仍然存在不少问题。

2 commiserating   

v.怜悯，同情( commiserate的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Tigress, far from commiserating, offered her a loan (repayable later on) to make herself more presentable. 虎妞不但不安慰小福子，反倒愿意帮她的忙：虎妞愿意拿出点资本，教她打扮齐整，挣来钱再还给她。 来自汉英文学 - 骆驼祥子
• Were they commiserating or comparing notes? 他们是在同病相怜还是在合对口供？ 来自电影对白

3 forgo   

v.放弃，抛弃

参考例句：

• Time to prepare was a luxuary he would have to forgo.因为时间不够，他不得不放弃做准备工作。
• She would willingly forgo a birthday treat if only her warring parents would declare a truce.只要她的父母停止争吵，她愿意放弃生日宴请。

4 distress   

n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛

参考例句：

• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
• Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。

5 whine   

v.哀号，号哭；n.哀鸣

参考例句：

• You are getting paid to think,not to whine.支付给你工资是让你思考而不是哀怨的。
• The bullet hit a rock and rocketed with a sharp whine.子弹打在一块岩石上，一声尖厉的呼啸，跳飞开去。

6 distressed   

痛苦的

参考例句：

• He was too distressed and confused to answer their questions. 他非常苦恼而困惑，无法回答他们的问题。
• The news of his death distressed us greatly. 他逝世的消息使我们极为悲痛。

7 mundane   

adj.平凡的；尘世的；宇宙的

参考例句：

• I hope I can get an interesting job and not something mundane.我希望我可以得到的是一份有趣的工作，而不是一份平凡无奇的。
• I find it humorous sometimes that even the most mundane occurrences can have an impact on our awareness.我发现生活有时挺诙谐的，即使是最平凡的事情也能影响我们的感知。

8 differentiating   

[计] 微分的

参考例句：

• They succeed in differentiating the most commodity-like products. 在最通用的日用产品方面，它们也能独树一帜标新立异。
• The simplest and most effective method of differentiating areas is to use different colours. 区别面状要素最简单而又行之有效的办法，是使用不同的颜色。

9 repenting   

对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He was repenting rapidly. 他很快就后悔了。
• Repenting of his crime the thief returned the jewels and confessed to the police. 那贼对自己的罪行痛悔不已；归还了珠宝并向警方坦白。

10 gratitude   

adj.感激，感谢

参考例句：

• I have expressed the depth of my gratitude to him.我向他表示了深切的谢意。
• She could not help her tears of gratitude rolling down her face.她感激的泪珠禁不住沿着面颊流了下来。