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经济学人295:桌面上的天体物理学 怎样建立一个多元宇宙

时间:2014-01-24 01:58来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   Science and technology

  科学技术
  Table-top astrophysics
  桌面上的天体物理学
  How to build a multiverse
  怎样建立一个多元宇宙
  Small models of cosmic phenomena1 are shedding light on the real thing
  宇宙现象的一些小模型反映了真相
  THE heavens do not lend themselves to poking2 and prodding3.
  天空不会帮助任何企图研究它的行为。
  Astronomers4 therefore have no choice but to rely on whatever data the cosmos5 deigns6 to throw at them.
  因此,天文学家们只能听天由命,任何宇宙透露出的一些数据,他们都当做宝贝一样。
  And they have learnt a lot this way.
  不过他们通过这种方式也学到了很多。
  Thus you can even study chemistry in space that would be impossible in a laboratory.
  因此,人们甚至能在太空中研究化学,而这在实验室是无法做到的。
  Some astronomers, though, are dissatisfied with being passive observers. Real scientists, they think, do experiments.
  虽然,一些天文学家们对成为被动的观察者很是不满,他们认为真正的科学家应该是有所行动的。
  It is impossible—not to mention inadvisable—to get close enough to a star or a black hole to manipulate it experimentally.
  要想接近一颗星或者一个黑洞,进行实验性地操作是不可能的,其实也是不可取的。
  But some think it might be possible to make meaningful analogues7 of such things, and even of the universe itself, and experiment on those instead.
  但是,一些人认为,如果进行类似方面,甚至宇宙方面的有意义的研究,而不是试验,是有可能的。
  Ben Murdin of the University of Surrey, for example, has been making white dwarfs10.
  比如说,萨里大学的本-穆迪一直在制作白矮星。
  A white dwarf9 is the stellar equivalent of a shrunken but feisty old-age pensioner11.
  从某种程度上说,白矮星是一颗虽然已经萎缩,但仍旧不服老的高龄恒星。
  It has run out of fuel and is contracting and cooling as it heads towards oblivion—but taking its time about it.
  当它正慢慢淡出宇宙这个大家庭时,它的动力已渐渐耗尽,而且正在缩小,渐渐变冷,但是还是值得花些时间的。
  As they shrink white dwarfs pack a mass up to eight times the sun's into a volume the size of Earth.
  当它们缩小时,这些白矮星把自己相当于八个太阳那么大的个头压缩到了地球这么大的个头。
  A consequence of stuffing so much matter into so little space is that white dwarfs have powerful magnetic fields.
  把如此之大的东西压缩到了这么小空间的结果是,白矮星拥有强大的磁场。
  Many aspects of a white dwarf's mechanics, including how long it will last, are thought to depend on its magnetism12.
  天文学家认为,白矮星形成过程的许多问题,包括它会存在多久,都基于它的磁场。
  But it is hard to measure.
  但是这是无法衡量的。
  To make estimates, scientists examine the light a white dwarf emits for telltale patterns left by stellar ingredients like hydrogen.
  为了做出这方面的估计,科学家们检测了白矮星发出的光,这种光正说明了这种问题的某种方式,是由组成恒星的元素,比如氢产生的。
  They then compare this spectrum13 with a theory, based on calculations from first principles, of how magnetic fields effect light emitted by hydrogen.
  然后,他们把测得的光谱与理论计算得到的结果进行了比较,这种理论是基于氢怎样产生磁场效应区域的第一原则得到的。
  The predictions agree with experiments up to the strongest fields mankind can muster—about 1,000 tesla, generated in a thermonuclear detonator.
  结果,预测与试验完全一致—即达到人类在这个领域最高水准,能够在热核雷管中产生1000特斯拉的磁感应。
  The problem is that the theory puts white dwarfs' magnetic fields at 100,000 tesla or more, well beyond humanity's reach.
  问题是,这个第一原则认为白矮星的磁场强度可以达到100,000特斯拉或者更多,远远超过了人类的极限。
  Dr Murdin built his own little white dwarf to see if the theory looked good.
  穆迪博士建造了他自己的小白矮星,想弄明白这种理论是否真的正确。
  It consists of a silicon14 crystal sprinkled with phosphorus atoms.
  这个小白矮星由布满磷原子的硅晶体组成。
  A silicon atom has four electrons in its outer shell.
  一个硅原子外有四个电子。
  In a crystal, all four are used to bind15 it to neighbouring atoms.
  在晶体中,所有的四个电子都是与其相邻的原子紧紧捆绑在一起。
  Phosphorus has five outer electrons.
  磷原子外有5个电子。
  Insert a phosphorus atom into the silicon lattice and you are left with an unused electron.
  把一个磷原子嵌入到硅晶格中,那还剩下一个电子。
  Since phosphorus also has one more proton in its nucleus16 than silicon does, taken together the extra particles resemble a hydrogen atom: a single electron tethered to a single proton.
  因为磷的细胞核中比硅还多一个质子,把多余的质子、电子收集起来,这和氢原子的结构很相似:一个独立的电子捆绑着一个独立的质子。
  However, the extra electron is much less tightly held by the extra proton in this pseudo-hydrogen than it would be in real hydrogen.
  然而,在这个山寨版的氢中,这个额外的电子与额外质子的结合并不如真正氢原子中那么紧密。
  This weaker grasp means that it takes much less magnetism to make a given change in the pseudo-hydrogen's spectrum than it would for real hydrogen.
  这种越来越弱的结合意味着,如果要让这个山寨版频谱产生一个额定的变化,它所需要的磁场比真正的氢少得多。
  So when Dr Murdin placed the crystal in a 30-tesla magnet at Radboud University in the Netherlands, he was mimicking18 the conditions in a 100,000-tesla white dwarf.
  因此,当穆迪博士这个晶体放到一个30特斯拉的磁体中时,因为他在格尔福德的实验室缺少必要的设备,他是在模仿一个100,000特斯拉磁场强度的白矮星所处环境。
  And the spectrum came out looking just the way the theory predicted.
  结果得到的频谱与理论预测的看起来很像。
  A black hole in a bath
  浴缸中的黑洞
  Creating a star in a laboratory is small beer compared with creating a black hole.
  在实验室中建立一颗星星,相比于建立一个黑洞简直就是不值一提。
  This is an object that is so massive and dense19 that not even light can flee its gravitational field.
  黑洞是一个很庞大,密度很高的物体,甚至连光都无法逃脱它的引力场。
  Looking inside one is therefore, by definition, impossible.
  因此,向里面看—就是字面意思上的看—一眼都是不可能的。
  All the more reason to try, says Silke Weinfurtner of the International School for Advanced Studies, in Trieste, Italy.
  所有的,越来越的理由都让人们想试试建立一个山寨版的黑洞—意大利里雅斯特国际高级学院的西尔克-威福特纳这样表示。
  Dr Weinfurtner plans to make her black hole in the bath.
  威福特纳博士计划在浴缸中建立一个她的黑洞。
  The bath in question, properly called a flume, is a water-filled receptacle 3 metres by 1.5 metres and 50cm deep, across which carefully crafted trains of ripples20 can pass.
  这里说到的浴缸,更应该称之为水槽,因为它是一个3米乘1.5米,50厘米深的装满水的容器,横跨其中的是精心制作的涟波车队。
  In the middle of the tank is a plug hole.
  在这个水槽中有一个泄水孔。
  If the water going down the hole rotates faster than the ripples can propagate, the ripples which stray beyond the aqueous event horizon will not make it out.
  如果水旋转至水孔的速度快于涟波扩散的速度,那么超过水的黑洞边境—是黑洞的不归路--的涟波就不会让水漫出来的。
  They are sucked down the drain.
  水将会被吸到下水道里。
  Then the researchers will check whether the simulacrum affects water waves in a way analogous21 to that which general relativity predicts for light—itself a wave—approaching an astrophysical black hole.
  到时,研究者会检查这个模拟物,是否会以一种与广义相对论预测的光,接近天体物理学黑洞类似的方式影响水波。
  According to Albert Einstein's theory, a region immediately outside the event horizon of a rotating black hole will be dragged round by the rotation22.
  根据爱因斯坦理论,一个靠近旋转黑洞边界的外部区域会在这个旋涡的影响下也转动起来。
  Any wave that enters this region but does not stray past the event horizon should be deflected23 and come out with more energy than it carried on the way in.
  任何进入这个区域,没能穿越过去的光波会发生偏离,并且将会带着比它接近这里时更多的能量出现。
  To detect this super-radiant scattering24, as the effect is called, Dr Weinfurtner will add fluorescent25 dye to the water and illuminate26 the surface waves with lasers.
  为了检测这种越辐射的辐射—这种效应被这样称谓,威福特纳博士会在水中加入荧光染料,资助用激光照亮表面的水波。
  The waves, often no bigger than one millimetre, can then be detected using high-definition cameras.
  这些往往不会超过1毫米的水波,届时可以通过高清度摄像机拍下来。
  Stefano Liberati, Dr Weinfurtner's colleague in Trieste, reserves the greatest enthusiasm for another aspect of the experiment.
  威福特纳博士在里雅斯特的同事,斯特凡诺-莱伯拉蒂对这个试验的另一个方面表现出了极大的热情。
  It might, if the researchers are lucky enough, offer clues to the nature of space-time.
  如果研究者们运气好的话,这可能会是研究空间-时间本质的一个线索。
  Could the cosmic fabric27 be made up of discrete28 chunks29, atoms of space if you like, rather than being continuous, as is assumed by relativity?
  宇宙的会是由一块块的独立物质,空间微粒—如果你愿意相信的话--组成,而不是像相对论认为连接在一起的吗?
  This problem has perplexed30 physicists31 for decades.
  这个问题已经困扰了物理学家们数十年了。
  Many suspect black holes hold the answer, because they are sites where continuous relativity meets chunky quantum physics.
  他们中的许多人猜测,黑洞就是答案,因为黑洞是连续性相对论与厚实量子物理学都无法研究出真相的地方。
  Waterborne holes serve as a proxy32.
  水面上的洞就代表了这种现象。
  Water is, after all, made up of just such discrete chunks: molecules33 of H2O.
  毕竟,水是由类似上述的一个个分散的物质组成:水分子。
  As wavelengths34 fall—equivalent to rising energy—waves reach a point where the size of molecules may begin to influence how they behave.
  随着波长的减小—相当于光波能量的增加,当波长达到一定的值时,水分子的大小可能会开始影响水波的行为。
  If Dr Weinfurtner and Dr Liberati observe some strange behaviour around their event horizons, theorists will be thrilled.
  如果威福特纳博士和莱伯拉蒂博士能够观察到这些水波的黑洞边界周围的一些奇怪表现时,那么理论学家们会兴奋不已。
  and home-brewed universes
  自家制作的宇宙
  Even benchtop black holes, though, are nothing compared with the ambitions of Igor Smolyaninov of the University of Maryland.
  即使是桌面上的黑洞,但是也无法与马里兰大学的伊戈尔-斯莫利亚尼诺夫的雄心相比。
  For Dr Smolyaninov wants to create entire universes.
  因为,斯莫利亚尼诺夫想创造一个完整的宇宙。
  The way light travels through the four dimensions of space-time is mathematically akin8 to how it moves through metamaterial.
  从数学的角度看,光穿越四维空间的方式与它穿透超材料的方式很接近。
  These are substances with features measured in nanometres, or billionths of a metre, which let them bend light in unusual ways.
  这些材料是以纳米为单位,或者是以一米的十亿分之一为单位的特别物质,所以可以以特别的方式改变光的方向。
  For example they can force light to skirt along the outside of an object, hiding it from view as if behind an invisibility cloak.
  比如说,它们可以让光波绕开一个物体的外围,就好像隐藏在一个隐形斗篷的后面,让人无法看到它。
  Space-time, too, bends light, in ways that depend on how mass is distributed within it.
  时空也同样可以改变光的方向,改变方式取决于这个空间质量的分配方式。
  In principle, then, metamaterials ought to be able to mimic17 how light moves not just through the space-time scientists on Earth are familiar with, but also other possible space-times to which they do not, and never will, have access.
  原则上讲,超材料应该不仅能够模拟地球科学家们熟悉的光波穿越时空,而且可以模拟光穿越其它可能存在的,地球科学家们无法触及,也可能永远无法打开的时空。
  Two years ago Dr Smolyaninov suggested an experiment with various metamaterials, corresponding to universes with different properties lashed35 together into a home-brewed multiverse.
  两年前,斯莫利亚尼诺夫曾建议用不同的超材料进行试验,相当于把拥有各种特性的宇宙集中到了自家创造的宇宙中。
  In a paper to be published inOptics Express, he and his colleagues report that they have succeeded.
  他和他的同事在光学快报上发表了一篇论文,称他们的试验取得了成功。
  Rather than fine-tune metamaterial to exact specifications36, which is finicky and expensive, the researchers used nanoparticles of cobalt, which are relatively37 easy to get hold of, and suspended them in kerosene38.
  研究者并没有对超材料的具体规格进行微调,因为这样既繁杂又增加成本,他们使用了钴的纳米粒子,这个相对而言容易得到,可以把它们暂时存放在煤油中。
  They then applied39 a magnetic field which, thanks to cobalt's ferromagnetic40 nature, arranged the particles into thin columns.
  然后,根据钴的铁磁性,他们应用一个磁场把这些粒子安置到了薄薄的柱子中。
  In space-time terms the length of the columns is time and the two axes perpendicular41 to the length represent the three spatial42 dimensions in a real universe.
  在时空的术语中,这种柱子的长度就表示,时间和两个垂直于距离的轴代表着真实宇宙中的三维空间。
  To build his multiverse, Dr Smolyaninov added slightly less cobalt to the kerosene, about 8% by volume, than was needed to maintain stable nanocolumns.
  为了创建他的多元宇宙,斯莫利亚尼诺夫博士在煤油中加了些钴,大概是总体积的8%,这比稳定纳米柱的需要量略少。
  Natural fluctuations43 in the density44 of the fluid then lead to the spontaneous erection of transient nanocolumns—equivalent to space-times popping up only to fizzle and re-emerge elsewhere in the multiverse.
  在这个液体浓中的自然流动,会导致临时纳米柱的自发性的直立—相当于时空突然出现,却只能以失败结束,但是会在这个多元宇宙中的某个其它地方再次出现。
  They could be detected by their effect on polarised light shone through the material.
  要想探测到它们,可以通过它们在极化光通过物质时所施加的影响来检测。
  Whether all this ingenuity45 unravels46 any cosmic truth is uncertain.
  所有这种独出心裁是否能解开宇宙的真相,还不确定。
  Cliff Burgess, a theorist at Perimeter47 Institute for Theoretical Physics in Ontario, has his doubts.
  安大略省周边物理理论研究所的克里夫-伯吉斯是一位理论学家,他还对此存有疑问。
  But he thinks that such experiments are nevertheless worth pursuing.
  但是,他认为,这些试验还是值得一试的。
  Like tap-dancing snakes, he says, the point is not that they do it well, it is that they do it at all.
  他说,就像跳踢踏舞的蛇一样,关键不是他们做得非常好,而是他们已经在做了。
  1.rely on 信赖; 依赖;依靠
  We rely on corporations like bp to bring us energy.
  我们依靠像bp这样的公司来供给我们能源。
  The firm cannot rely on reputation forever.
  弘毅不可能永远依赖其名声。
  2.enough to 足以
  That's not enough to trigger renewed recession.
  这个问题不足以导致美国经济重新陷入衰退。
  It tells you enough to get started right away.
  它告诉你的东西足够让你立刻开始使用。
  3.depend on 依赖;相信;信赖
  You can depend on this newspaper.
  你可以依赖这家报纸。
  Your dreams depend on it.
  你的成败取决于此。
  4.compare with 与…相比;比得上
  Life isn't fair-don't compare with or be jealous of others.
  生活并不是公平的不要比较也不要嫉妒别人。
  Atheists have precious little to compare with this.
  相比之下,无神论者的资源就少得可怜。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 phenomena 8N9xp     
n.现象
参考例句:
  • Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
  • The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。
2 poking poking     
n. 刺,戳,袋 vt. 拨开,刺,戳 vi. 戳,刺,捅,搜索,伸出,行动散慢
参考例句:
  • He was poking at the rubbish with his stick. 他正用手杖拨动垃圾。
  • He spent his weekends poking around dusty old bookshops. 他周末都泡在布满尘埃的旧书店里。
3 prodding 9b15bc515206c1e6f0559445c7a4a109     
v.刺,戳( prod的现在分词 );刺激;促使;(用手指或尖物)戳
参考例句:
  • He needed no prodding. 他不用督促。
  • The boy is prodding the animal with a needle. 那男孩正用一根针刺那动物。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
4 astronomers 569155f16962e086bd7de77deceefcbd     
n.天文学者,天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪,为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》
5 cosmos pn2yT     
n.宇宙;秩序,和谐
参考例句:
  • Our world is but a small part of the cosmos.我们的世界仅仅是宇宙的一小部分而已。
  • Is there any other intelligent life elsewhere in the cosmos?在宇宙的其他星球上还存在别的有智慧的生物吗?
6 deigns 1059b772013699e876676d0de2cae304     
v.屈尊,俯就( deign的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • She scarcely deigns a glance at me. 她简直不屑看我一眼。 来自辞典例句
7 analogues 297b3cb2dcc81be3444fdfc63ab878f8     
相似物( analogue的名词复数 ); 类似物; 类比; 同源词
参考例句:
  • A vegetarian gets protein not from meat but from its analogues. 素食者所摄取的蛋白质不是来自肉类而是来自近似肉类的食物。
  • Moreover, it tends to foster the human qualities that I admire most-courage and its analogues. 不但如此,它还能培养我最景仰的那些德性-勇敢和诸如此类的东西。
8 akin uxbz2     
adj.同族的,类似的
参考例句:
  • She painted flowers and birds pictures akin to those of earlier feminine painters.她画一些同早期女画家类似的花鸟画。
  • Listening to his life story is akin to reading a good adventure novel.听他的人生故事犹如阅读一本精彩的冒险小说。
9 dwarf EkjzH     
n.矮子,侏儒,矮小的动植物;vt.使…矮小
参考例句:
  • The dwarf's long arms were not proportional to his height.那侏儒的长臂与他的身高不成比例。
  • The dwarf shrugged his shoulders and shook his head. 矮子耸耸肩膀,摇摇头。
10 dwarfs a9ddd2c1a88a74fc7bd6a9a0d16c2817     
n.侏儒,矮子(dwarf的复数形式)vt.(使)显得矮小(dwarf的第三人称单数形式)
参考例句:
  • Shakespeare dwarfs other dramatists. 莎士比亚使其他剧作家相形见绌。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The new building dwarfs all the other buildings in the town. 新大楼使城里所有其他建筑物都显得矮小了。 来自辞典例句
11 pensioner ClOzzW     
n.领养老金的人
参考例句:
  • The tax threshold for a single pensioner is$ 445.单身领退休年金者的纳税起点为445英镑。
  • It was the pensioner's vote late in the day that influenced the election of Mr.Sweet.最后是领取养老金者的选票影响了斯威特先生的当选。
12 magnetism zkxyW     
n.磁性,吸引力,磁学
参考例句:
  • We know about magnetism by the way magnets act.我们通过磁铁的作用知道磁性是怎么一回事。
  • His success showed his magnetism of courage and devotion.他的成功表现了他的胆量和热诚的魅力。
13 spectrum Trhy6     
n.谱,光谱,频谱;范围,幅度,系列
参考例句:
  • This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
  • We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成,我们已了解不少。
14 silicon dykwJ     
n.硅(旧名矽)
参考例句:
  • This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
  • A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。
15 bind Vt8zi     
vt.捆,包扎;装订;约束;使凝固;vi.变硬
参考例句:
  • I will let the waiter bind up the parcel for you.我让服务生帮你把包裹包起来。
  • He wants a shirt that does not bind him.他要一件不使他觉得过紧的衬衫。
16 nucleus avSyg     
n.核,核心,原子核
参考例句:
  • These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
  • These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。
17 mimic PD2xc     
v.模仿,戏弄;n.模仿他人言行的人
参考例句:
  • A parrot can mimic a person's voice.鹦鹉能学人的声音。
  • He used to mimic speech peculiarities of another.他过去总是模仿别人讲话的特点。
18 mimicking ac830827d20b6bf079d24a8a6d4a02ed     
v.(尤指为了逗乐而)模仿( mimic的现在分词 );酷似
参考例句:
  • She's always mimicking the teachers. 她总喜欢模仿老师的言谈举止。
  • The boy made us all laugh by mimicking the teacher's voice. 这男孩模仿老师的声音,逗得我们大家都笑了。 来自辞典例句
19 dense aONzX     
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的
参考例句:
  • The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
  • The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。
20 ripples 10e54c54305aebf3deca20a1472f4b96     
逐渐扩散的感觉( ripple的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The moon danced on the ripples. 月亮在涟漪上舞动。
  • The sea leaves ripples on the sand. 海水在沙滩上留下了波痕。
21 analogous aLdyQ     
adj.相似的;类似的
参考例句:
  • The two situations are roughly analogous.两种情況大致相似。
  • The company is in a position closely analogous to that of its main rival.该公司与主要竞争对手的处境极为相似。
22 rotation LXmxE     
n.旋转;循环,轮流
参考例句:
  • Crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
  • The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。
23 deflected 3ff217d1b7afea5ab74330437461da11     
偏离的
参考例句:
  • The ball deflected off Reid's body into the goal. 球打在里德身上反弹进球门。
  • Most of its particles are deflected. 此物质的料子大多是偏斜的。
24 scattering 91b52389e84f945a976e96cd577a4e0c     
n.[物]散射;散乱,分散;在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的;分散在不同范围的;广泛扩散的;(选票)数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式);散布;驱散
参考例句:
  • The child felle into a rage and began scattering its toys about. 这孩子突发狂怒,把玩具扔得满地都是。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The farmers are scattering seed. 农夫们在播种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
25 fluorescent Zz2y3     
adj.荧光的,发出荧光的
参考例句:
  • They observed the deflections of the particles by allowing them to fall on a fluorescent screen.他们让粒子落在荧光屏上以观察他们的偏移。
  • This fluorescent lighting certainly gives the food a peculiar color.这萤光灯当然增添了食物特别的色彩。
26 illuminate zcSz4     
vt.照亮,照明;用灯光装饰;说明,阐释
参考例句:
  • Dreams kindle a flame to illuminate our dark roads.梦想点燃火炬照亮我们黑暗的道路。
  • They use games and drawings to illuminate their subject.他们用游戏和图画来阐明他们的主题。
27 fabric 3hezG     
n.织物,织品,布;构造,结构,组织
参考例句:
  • The fabric will spot easily.这种织品很容易玷污。
  • I don't like the pattern on the fabric.我不喜欢那块布料上的图案。
28 discrete 1Z5zn     
adj.个别的,分离的,不连续的
参考例句:
  • The picture consists of a lot of discrete spots of colour.这幅画由许多不相连的色点组成。
  • Most staple fibers are discrete,individual entities.大多数短纤维是不联系的单独实体。
29 chunks a0e6aa3f5109dc15b489f628b2f01028     
厚厚的一块( chunk的名词复数 ); (某物)相当大的数量或部分
参考例句:
  • a tin of pineapple chunks 一罐菠萝块
  • Those chunks of meat are rather large—could you chop them up a bIt'smaller? 这些肉块相当大,还能再切小一点吗?
30 perplexed A3Rz0     
adj.不知所措的
参考例句:
  • The farmer felt the cow,went away,returned,sorely perplexed,always afraid of being cheated.那农民摸摸那头牛,走了又回来,犹豫不决,总怕上当受骗。
  • The child was perplexed by the intricate plot of the story.这孩子被那头绪纷繁的故事弄得迷惑不解。
31 physicists 18316b43c980524885c1a898ed1528b1     
物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说,这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
  • Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。
32 proxy yRXxN     
n.代理权,代表权;(对代理人的)委托书;代理人
参考例句:
  • You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。
  • We enclose a form of proxy for use at the Annual General Meeting.我们附上委任年度大会代表的表格。
33 molecules 187c25e49d45ad10b2f266c1fa7a8d49     
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
34 wavelengths 55c7c1db2849f4af018e7824d42c3ff2     
n.波长( wavelength的名词复数 );具有相同的/不同的思路;合拍;不合拍
参考例句:
  • I find him difficult to talk to—we're on completely different wavelengths. 我没法和他谈话,因为我们俩完全不对路。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Sunlight consists of different wavelengths of radiation. 阳光由几种不同波长的射线组成。 来自辞典例句
35 lashed 4385e23a53a7428fb973b929eed1bce6     
adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 );煽动;紧系;怒斥
参考例句:
  • The rain lashed at the windows. 雨点猛烈地打在窗户上。
  • The cleverly designed speech lashed the audience into a frenzy. 这篇精心设计的演说煽动听众使他们发狂。 来自《简明英汉词典》
36 specifications f3453ce44685398a83b7fe3902d2b90c     
n.规格;载明;详述;(产品等的)说明书;说明书( specification的名词复数 );详细的计划书;载明;详述
参考例句:
  • Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
37 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
38 kerosene G3uxW     
n.(kerosine)煤油,火油
参考例句:
  • It is like putting out a fire with kerosene.这就像用煤油灭火。
  • Instead of electricity,there were kerosene lanterns.没有电,有煤油灯。
39 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
参考例句:
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
40 ferromagnetic BkCxa     
adj.铁磁的, 铁磁体
参考例句:
  • Materials which have magnetic properties similar to iron are ferromagnetic.具有类似于铁那样的磁性的材料就是铁磁物质。
  • It is sometimes difficult to draw the line separating ferromagnetic from paramagnetic substances.严格区别铁磁性与顺磁性物质有时是很困难的。
41 perpendicular GApy0     
adj.垂直的,直立的;n.垂直线,垂直的位置
参考例句:
  • The two lines of bones are set perpendicular to one another.这两排骨头相互垂直。
  • The wall is out of the perpendicular.这墙有些倾斜。
42 spatial gvcww     
adj.空间的,占据空间的
参考例句:
  • This part of brain judges the spatial relationship between objects.大脑的这部分判断物体间的空间关系。
  • They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。
43 fluctuations 5ffd9bfff797526ec241b97cfb872d61     
波动,涨落,起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • There were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the Stock Exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。
44 density rOdzZ     
n.密集,密度,浓度
参考例句:
  • The population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。
  • The region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。
45 ingenuity 77TxM     
n.别出心裁;善于发明创造
参考例句:
  • The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.那个小男孩做玩具很有创造力。
  • I admire your ingenuity and perseverance.我钦佩你的别出心裁和毅力。
46 unravels de32940e66abf8b3c146052524dba673     
解开,拆散,散开( unravel的第三人称单数 ); 阐明; 澄清; 弄清楚
参考例句:
  • Khrushchev's Cold War unravels the tangled contradictions in his leadership of the Communist Party. 赫鲁晓夫的冷战》这本书揭示出赫鲁晓夫作为共产党的领袖,面临着一些棘手的问题。
47 perimeter vSxzj     
n.周边,周长,周界
参考例句:
  • The river marks the eastern perimeter of our land.这条河标示我们的土地东面的边界。
  • Drinks in hands,they wandered around the perimeter of the ball field.他们手里拿着饮料在球场周围漫不经心地遛跶。
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TAG标签:   经济学人  物理学
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