经济学人348:为啥斑马身上是条纹

 　　Science and technology

　　科学技术

　　Why zebra are striped

　　为啥斑马身上是条纹

　　Horse sense

　　马识

　　Are zebra stripes just an elaborateinsect repellent?

　　斑马身上的斑纹只是精致的驱虫器吗？

　　Imagine what it looks like to a fly

　　想象一下这在蝇的眼里是幅什么样的画面

　　斑马.jpg

　　HOW the zebra got his stripes sounds like the title of one of RudyardKipling's Just So stories.

　　斑马为什么会长条纹捏这听上去有点像Rudyard Kipling的书《原来如此》里面文章的标题。

　　Sadly, it isn't, so the question has, instead,been left to zoologists².

　　可惜啊，这不是其中的标题，所以这个问题的答案就成了动物学家的任务。

　　But they, too, have let their imaginations rip. Somehave suggested camouflage³.

　　然而，这些动物学家们也是天马行空。一些人认为是保护色。

　　Others suggest they are a way to display anindividual's fitness.

　　其他人则认为条纹是一种个体属性的彰显方式。

　　Irregular stripes would let potential mates know thatsomeone was not up to snuff.

　　不规则的条纹给潜在伴侣传递出不达标的信息。

　　One researcher proposed that stripes are to zebrawhat faces are to people,

　　有位研究人员认为斑马的条纹就像人的脸一样，

　　allowing them to recognise each other, since everyanimal has a unique stripe-print.

　　由于每个斑马的条纹都独一无二，可以让同类彼此辨认。

　　Another even speculated that predators⁴ mightget dizzy watching a herd⁵ of stripes gallop⁶ by.

　　还有些人甚至认为捕食者看到一群条纹在面前飞奔会晕头转向。

　　There is,however, one other idea: that stripes are a sophisticated form of flyrepellent.

　　但是还有这样一种想法：条纹是一种精致的防蝇器。

　　It was originally dreamed up in the 1980s, but never proved.

　　这种想法产生于20世纪80年代，但是从未被证明。

　　Now, ateam of investigators⁷ led by Gabor Horvath of Eotvos University in Budapestreport in the Journal of Experimental Biology thatthey think they have done so.

　　现在，由坐落于Budapest的Eotvos大学的Gabor Horvath带领着一组研究人员在《实验生物学报》上发表了一篇论文认为他们证明了这一想法。

　　The original suggestion was that stripes repel¹ tsetse flies.

　　原本的猜想是说条纹是为了避免舌蝇。

　　These insectscarry sleeping sickness, which is as much a bane of ungulates as it is of people.

　　这些小昆虫带有昏睡病，对人类和有蹄类动物同样致害。

　　But tsetses are not the only dipteran foes⁸ of zebra and,

　　但是舌蝇并非是斑马唯一的长着翅膀的敌人，

　　since they arerarely found in the meadows of Hungary,

　　因为舌蝇在匈牙利的草原上并不常见。

　　Dr Horvath plumped for studying analmost equally obnoxious⁹ alternative: the horsefly.

　　Horvath转而研究一种同样恼人的替代品：马蝇。

　　Horseflies, too, transmit disease.

　　马蝇也同样传播疾病。

　　They also bite incessantly¹⁰, thuskeeping grazing beasts from their dinner.

　　它们属于寄生式叮咬，因此使得这些动物进食减少。

　　Indeed, previous research has shownthat fly attacks on horses and cattle reduce their body fat and milkproduction.

　　的确有研究表明被马蝇袭击的马和牛出现了身体脂肪和产奶量下降的现象。

　　Such research has also shown something odd:

　　这些研究还出现了一些奇怪的现象：

　　horseflies attack blackhorses in preference to white ones.

　　相对于白马，马蝇更喜欢叮咬黑马。

　　That fact got Dr Horvath wondering how theywould react to a striped horse—in other words, a zebra.

　　这一事实使得Horvath博士十分好奇马蝇会对一个条纹马，也就是斑马作何反应。

　　Actual zebra are hard to experiment on.

　　很难对真实的斑马做实验。

　　They insist on moving around andswishing their tails.

　　它们一直在动来动去并且甩着尾巴。

　　The team therefore conducted their study using inanimateobjects.

　　因此这组研究人员用非生命体来进行实验。

　　Some were painted uniformly dark or uniformly light,

　　一些实验对象被涂成纯白色或者纯黑色，

　　and some hadstripes of various widths.

　　还有一些则被涂成宽度各异的条纹图案。

　　Some were plastic trays filled with salad oil.

　　其中有些是充满色拉油的塑料架子。

　　Some were glue-covered boards. And some wereactual models of zebra.

　　一些是胶合纸板做的。还有一些是真实的斑马。

　　They put these objects in a field infested¹¹ withhorseflies and counted the number of insects they trapped.

　　他们把这些实验对象放到一个充满马蝇的场地，然后计算被吸引的马蝇数目。

　　Their first discovery was that stripes attracted fewer flies than solid,uniform colours.

　　他们第一个发现是条纹的比纯色的吸引的马蝇少。

　　As intriguingly¹², though, they also found that the leastattractive pattern of stripes was precisely¹³ those of the sort of width found onzebra hides.

　　然而，耐人寻味的是他们还发现吸引力最小的条纹花式正是斑马身上的条纹样式。

　　Zebra stripes do, therefore, seem to repel horseflies.

　　因此，斑马的条纹看起来真的能够防马蝇。

　　Exactly why is unclear.

　　至于为什么会这样还是个谜团。

　　But Dr Horvath thinks it might be related to a horsefly'sability to see polarised light,

　　但是Horvath博士认为这可能与马蝇识别偏振光的能力有关，

　　which imposes a sense of horizontal andvertical on an image.

　　偏振光是从水平和垂直方向打在画面上的。

　　Horseflies are known to prefer horizontal polarisedlight.

　　众所周知马蝇偏向于水平偏振光。

　　Possibly, the mostly vertical¹⁴ stripes on a zebra confuse the fly's tinybrain and thus stop it seeing the animal.

　　所以极有可能是斑马身上垂直的条纹迷惑了马蝇的小脑袋，因此阻碍了马蝇发现斑马。

　　Another obvious question, though, is why other species have not evolvedthis elegant form of fly repellent,

　　然而，还有一个显而易见的问题就是为什么其他的物种没有进化出来这种精致的防蝇方式，

　　and what the consequences would have beenif they had.

　　以及如果其他物种也进化成这样的后果。

　　If humans, for example, were black-and-white striped,

　　例如，如果人类是黑白条纹的，

　　then thehistory of intercommunal violence the species has suffered when different raceshave met might not have been quite as bad.

　　那么当不同种族相遇而遭受的两族间的暴力历史或许也没那么坏。

　　One for Kipling to have pondered,perhaps?

　　这也许是Kipling需要思考的一个问题？

1 repel   

v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥

参考例句：

• A country must have the will to repel any invader.一个国家得有决心击退任何入侵者。
• Particles with similar electric charges repel each other.电荷同性的分子互相排斥。

2 zoologists   

动物学家( zoologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Zoologists refer barnacles to Crustanceans. 动物学家把螺蛳归入甲壳类。
• It is now a source of growing interest for chemists and zoologists as well. 它现在也是化学家和动物学家愈感兴趣的一个所在。

3 camouflage   

n./v.掩饰，伪装

参考例句：

• The white fur of the polar bear is a natural camouflage.北极熊身上的白色的浓密软毛是一种天然的伪装。
• The animal's markings provide effective camouflage.这种动物身上的斑纹是很有效的伪装。

4 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 herd   

n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd.他从无主见，只是人云亦云。

6 gallop   

v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展

参考例句：

• They are coming at a gallop towards us.他们正朝着我们飞跑过来。
• The horse slowed to a walk after its long gallop.那匹马跑了一大阵后慢下来缓步而行。

7 investigators   

n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• This memo could be the smoking gun that investigators have been looking for. 这份备忘录可能是调查人员一直在寻找的证据。
• The team consisted of six investigators and two secretaries. 这个团队由六个调查人员和两个秘书组成。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 foes   

敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They steadily pushed their foes before them. 他们不停地追击敌人。
• She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战，挫败过很多对手。

9 obnoxious   

adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的

参考例句：

• These fires produce really obnoxious fumes and smoke.这些火炉冒出来的烟气确实很难闻。
• He is the most obnoxious man I know.他是我认识的最可憎的人。

10 incessantly   

ad.不停地

参考例句：

• The machines roar incessantly during the hours of daylight. 机器在白天隆隆地响个不停。
• It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks. 雨不间断地下了整整两个星期。

11 infested   

adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于

参考例句：

• The kitchen was infested with ants. 厨房里到处是蚂蚁。
• The apartments were infested with rats and roaches. 公寓里面到处都是老鼠和蟑螂。

12 intriguingly   

参考例句：

• Intriguingly, she gave to the music a developed although oddly malleable personality. 最神奇的是，她的音乐具有成熟却又很奇怪地极富可塑性。 来自互联网
• Intriguingly, the patients brains were riddled with tangles, but not amyloid plaques. 有趣的是，患者的大脑中充满了各缠结，但并没有粉斑。 来自互联网

13 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

14 vertical   

adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置

参考例句：

• The northern side of the mountain is almost vertical.这座山的北坡几乎是垂直的。
• Vertical air motions are not measured by this system.垂直气流的运动不用这种系统来测量。