经济学人198:战争、和平与爱情

 　　“Life and Fate”《生活与命运》

　　War, peace and love战争、和平与爱情

　　Vasily Grossman’s epic¹ novel is transformed for the radio

　　瓦西里?格罗斯曼史诗般的小说被改编成广播剧

　　Sep 10th 2011 | from the print edition

　　Vasily Grossman vindicated²

　　无辜的瓦西里·格罗斯曼

　　FEW novels have the foes³ and fans of “Life and Fate”, Vasily Grossman’s vast book about the Nazis⁵ and Soviets⁷ at war. The Soviet⁶ Communist Party’s ideology⁸ chief said it would be more damaging even than Boris Pasternak’s “Dr Zhivago”. That was a high accolade⁹. Another was that the book itself was arrested. In 1961 the KGB confiscated¹⁰ the typescript and even, for good measure, the typewriter ribbon. Grossman, once a loyal party man and an acclaimed¹¹ war correspondent, was spared jail. But he died four years later, fearing that his sprawling¹² work would never be published (the authorities had said mockingly that it might happen in 200 years). Many years later Andrei Sakharov, a Soviet dissident, helped smuggle¹³ a microfilm copy to the West, where it was eventually published in English in 1985.

　　《生活与命运》是瓦西里?格罗斯曼描写纳粹和苏联战争的宏篇巨著，很少有小说有着它这样的书迷和敌人。苏联共产党的意识形态负责人说，这本书甚至比鲍里斯?帕斯捷尔纳克的《日瓦戈医生》更具破坏力。这是高度的称赞。另一个高度称赞是这本书本身的被查抄。1961年克格勃没收了打字稿，为了更加严防，甚至没收了打字机色带。格罗斯曼曾经是一名忠诚党的人，以及一名广受赞誉的战地记者，他幸免入狱。但四年后他去世时，仍在担心他散乱的作品永远不会出版，因为当局曾嘲讽地说，这本书的出版可能会在200年后。多年后，苏联持不同政见者安德烈?萨哈罗夫帮着走私了缩微胶片拷贝到西方，最后这本书于1985年以英文在西方出版。

　　The book was not an immediate¹⁴ success. For some years it was overshadowed by the better known work of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and by the excitement of reform and then collapse¹⁵ in the Soviet Union. It is also intimidatingly¹⁶ long, with a swirling¹⁷ cast of scores of confusingly named characters. Hundreds of pages sometimes separate their appearances. The sweep of Grossman’s pen can exhaust the reader. True to its title, “Life and Fate” mixes gritty battlefield descriptions with acute psychological insights, wrenching¹⁸ dilemmas¹⁹ and deep philosophical²⁰ reflections about the nature of good and evil. It is at once funny, gruesome, tragic²¹, informative²², romantic and disconcerting. The central message of horror jars with the simplistic but widely held notion that the war was a black-and-white struggle between beastly Nazis and their valiant²³ adversaries²⁴.

　　这本书并没有立即获得成功。在出版后的几年，亚历山大?索尔仁尼琴的作品比较出名，人们对改革感到兴奋，接着是苏联解体，这些都使该书黯然失色。这本书也长得令人生畏，人物众多，名字容易混淆，让人昏乱。有时读过几百页才能搞清人物的来龙去脉。格罗斯曼下笔的拖沓可能会令读者厌烦。《生活与命运》文如其名，将敏锐的心理洞察力、痛苦的困境以及对善恶本质的深刻哲学思考与坚韧不拔的战场描述揉合在一起。本书集滑稽好笑、阴森可怕、悲剧色彩、内容翔实、罗曼蒂克和仓惶失措于一身。本书始终秉持苏德战争是残忍的纳粹和他们英勇的对手之间你死我活的斗争这样的观念，除此之外，中心思想就是恐怖，处理过于简单，产生了不和谐之感。

　　For Grossman, the Nazi⁴ and Soviet systems and ideologies²⁵ had far more similarities than differences. Both were directed at crushing the ultimate qualities of kindness and individuality. Though he yearned²⁶ for the defeat of the fascist²⁷ invaders²⁸, he makes German soldiers out to be not monsters, but like their Soviet counterparts—humans consigned²⁹ to an inhuman³⁰ mincing³¹ machine. The zealots, bigots and creeps on both sides come across with equal clarity. His portrait of the state-sponsored anti-Semitism directed against the Soviet physicist³², Viktor Shtrum, is especially chilling, set against the jovially³³ run gas chambers³⁴ on the other side of the front-line.

　　在格罗斯曼看来，纳粹和苏联在制度和意识形态上的相似之处远远大于不同之处。两者的最终目标都是摧毁仁慈的品质和个人特性。虽然他渴望打败法西斯侵略者，但在他的笔下德国士兵不是怪物，而是象苏联士兵一样的人，被训练成了残忍的杀人机器。双方的痴迷分子、偏执狂和卑鄙小人都同样清楚地跃然纸上。苏联针对苏联物理学家维克托?斯特垆坶发起的反犹太主义，在他的刻画之下令人特别心寒，堪比前线另一边快活运行的毒气室。

　　Eventually the book took off and “Life and Fate” is now considered one of the most important Russian novels of the last century. Some see it as a c ounterpart to Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” (though it is more readable). Its greatest devotees praise it even more extravagantly³⁵.

　　这本书最终飞黄腾达了，现在《生活与命运》被尊为上世纪俄罗斯最重要的小说之一。一些人把它与列夫?托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》相提并论，不过它更具可读性。极度热爱这本书的人对它的赞美更是不遗余力。

　　Now Radio 4, an important BBC domestic station, has taken the bold decision to dramatise the book and broadcast it over the course of a week, using every drama slot in the schedules and a cast of stars. Shtrum is played by Kenneth Branagh, his wife Lyuda by Greta Scacchi and his mother Anna by Janet Suzman. One highlight is when Anna reads, in a single 15-minute segment, a letter—in effect a lament³⁶ for all east European Jewry—written while she is close to death in the ghetto³⁷ in Berdichev, in Nazi-occupied Ukraine.

　　现在，英国广播公司重要的国内电台4台做出了大胆的决定，把这本书改编成广播剧，采用明星阵容，利用一切可以利用的戏剧时段，耗时一整周来播出它。斯特垆坶由肯尼斯?布拉纳饰演，他的妻子莉尤达由格里塔?斯卡奇饰演，而他母亲安娜的饰演者是珍妮特?舒兹曼。该剧的亮点之一是安娜的一个15分钟独白段，当时她在读一封信，这封信实际上是为东欧所有的犹太人恸哭，写这封信时她在纳粹占领下的乌克兰别尔季切夫犹太人区正濒临死亡。

　　Radio drama has its limitations. The grittiness of Grossman’s dialogue becomes a little bland³⁸ in the well-modulated voices of the British actors. Sound effects and grumpy asides do not fully³⁹ convey the lice and foul⁴⁰ food of the ruin in Stalingrad, where a bunch of exhausted⁴¹ Russian soldiers resist an implacable German assault, while commissars fret⁴² about their lack of discipline.

　　广播剧有其局限性。格罗斯曼的对话坚忍不拔，英国演员抑扬顿挫的声音说出来的对话却变得稍嫌平淡。声音效果和脾气暴躁的旁白完全无法表达斯大林格勒的虱子和腐败食物的残迹，一群筋疲力尽的俄罗斯士兵在那里抵抗不共戴天的德国人的突袭，而政委对他们的缺乏纪律感到焦急。

　　It is not only descriptive passages that have suffered in the editing. Some of the characters and subplots have disappeared altogether. Purists will object to that. But a bit of pruning⁴³ is justified⁴⁴. Grossman never had the chance to edit his novel as he wished: the edition published was only a late draft, with untidy and repetitive bits left in. Thanks to the BBC, the essence of “Life and Fate”—the lion-hearted tank commander, the diehard idealists, the love-struck pilot, the scheming party hacks⁴⁵ and most of all Shtrum, betraying and betrayed—all come across powerfully: true to life and fate.

　　改编时不仅描述性的段落被剪辑了，一些人物和次要情节也一并消失了。纯粹主义者会反对这一点。但一些地方的修订是合理的。格罗斯曼从来没有机会如他所愿地编辑他的小说，出版的版本只是一份后期草稿，文字不够整洁，还有重复的部分留在里面。《生活与命运》的精髓是非常勇猛的坦克指挥官、倔强的理想主义者、爱情受创的飞行员、诡计多端的政客以及大多数姓斯特垆坶的人、出卖与背叛，幸亏英国广播公司，所有这些精髓都被强力再现，真实反映了生活与命运。

　　“Life and Fate” will be broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on September 18th-25th. A special edition of “Start the Week” on September 9th will discuss Grossman and his influence. Listeners can access the programmes for 14 days after they are broadcast at www.bbc.co.uk/radio4. “Life and Fate” by Vasily Grossman; NYRB Classics; 896 pages; $24.95. Vintage; ?9.99

　　《生活与命运》将于9月18日至25日在英国广播公司电台4台播出。9月9日特别版的“本周伊始”将讨论格罗斯曼和他的影响力。节目在www.bbc.co.uk/radio4上播出后听众可以访问该节目14天。《生活与命运》瓦西里?格罗斯曼著；NYRB经典出版社；896页；24.95美元；旧货珍品；9.99英镑。

1 epic   

n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的

参考例句：

• I gave up my epic and wrote this little tale instead.我放弃了写叙事诗，而写了这个小故事。
• They held a banquet of epic proportions.他们举行了盛大的宴会。

2 vindicated   

v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护

参考例句：

• I have every confidence that this decision will be fully vindicated. 我完全相信这一决定的正确性将得到充分证明。
• Subsequent events vindicated the policy. 后来的事实证明那政策是对的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 foes   

敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They steadily pushed their foes before them. 他们不停地追击敌人。
• She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战，挫败过很多对手。

4 Nazi   

n.纳粹分子，adj.纳粹党的，纳粹的

参考例句：

• They declare the Nazi regime overthrown and sue for peace.他们宣布纳粹政权已被推翻，并出面求和。
• Nazi closes those war criminals inside their concentration camp.纳粹把那些战犯关在他们的集中营里。

5 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

7 soviets   

苏维埃（Soviet的复数形式）

参考例句：

• A public challenge could provoke the Soviets to dig in. 公开挑战会促使苏联人一意孤行。
• The Soviets proposed the withdrawal of American ballistic-missile submarines from forward bases. 苏联人建议把美国的弹道导弹潜艇从前沿基地撤走。

8 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

9 accolade   

n.推崇备至，赞扬

参考例句：

• Four restaurants have been awarded the highest accolade of a three-star rating.四家餐馆获授予三星级餐馆的最高荣誉称号。
• The Nobel prize has become the ultimate accolade in the sciences.诺贝尔奖已成为科学界的最高荣誉。

10 confiscated   

没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Their land was confiscated after the war. 他们的土地在战后被没收。
• The customs officer confiscated the smuggled goods. 海关官员没收了走私品。

11 acclaimed   

adj.受人欢迎的

参考例句：

• They acclaimed him as the best writer of the year. 他们称赞他为当年的最佳作者。
• Confuscius is acclaimed as a great thinker. 孔子被赞誉为伟大的思想家。

12 sprawling   

adj.蔓生的，不规则地伸展的v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的现在分词 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着）

参考例句：

• He was sprawling in an armchair in front of the TV. 他伸开手脚坐在电视机前的一张扶手椅上。
• a modern sprawling town 一座杂乱无序拓展的现代城镇

13 smuggle   

vt.私运；vi.走私

参考例句：

• Friends managed to smuggle him secretly out of the country.朋友们想方设法将他秘密送出国了。
• She has managed to smuggle out the antiques without getting caught.她成功将古董走私出境，没有被逮捕。

14 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

15 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

16 intimidatingly   

吓人

参考例句：

• Herbert knew what be wanted was five girls, not intimidatingly pretty, but with personality. 赫伯特知道自己想找的是五位女孩子，不一定美若天仙，但一定要个性鲜明。 来自互联网

17 swirling   

v.旋转，打旋( swirl的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Snowflakes were swirling in the air. 天空飘洒着雪花。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• She smiled, swirling the wine in her glass. 她微笑着，旋动着杯子里的葡萄酒。 来自辞典例句

18 wrenching   

n.修截苗根，苗木铲根（铲根时苗木不起土或部分起土）v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的现在分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛

参考例句：

• China has been through a wrenching series of changes and experiments. 中国经历了一系列艰苦的变革和试验。 来自辞典例句
• A cold gust swept across her exposed breast, wrenching her back to reality. 一股寒气打击她的敞开的胸膛，把她从梦幻的境地中带了回来。 来自汉英文学 - 家（1-26） - 家（1-26）

19 dilemmas   

n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 )；窘境，困境

参考例句：

• They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起，以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
• Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后，我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句

20 philosophical   

adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的

参考例句：

• The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
• She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。

21 tragic   

adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的

参考例句：

• The effect of the pollution on the beaches is absolutely tragic.污染海滩后果可悲。
• Charles was a man doomed to tragic issues.查理是个注定不得善终的人。

22 informative   

adj.提供资料的，增进知识的

参考例句：

• The adverts are not very informative.这些广告并没有包含太多有用信息。
• This intriguing book is both thoughtful and informative.这本引人入胜的书既有思想性又富知识性。

23 valiant   

adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人

参考例句：

• He had the fame of being very valiant.他的勇敢是出名的。
• Despite valiant efforts by the finance minister,inflation rose to 36%.尽管财政部部长采取了一系列果决措施，通货膨胀率还是涨到了36%。

24 adversaries   

n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 这会迫使潜在的敌人在挑战面前退缩。 来自辞典例句
• Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就连敌人也会因有可以预料的，始终一致的美国而感到舒服得多。 来自辞典例句

25 ideologies   

n.思想（体系）( ideology的名词复数 )；思想意识；意识形态；观念形态

参考例句：

• There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies. 这两种思想意识之间并没有根本的分歧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Radical ideologies require to contrast to their own goodness the wickedness of some other system. 凡是过激的意识形态，都需要有另外一个丑恶的制度作对比，才能衬托出自己的善良。 来自辞典例句

26 yearned   

渴望，切盼，向往( yearn的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The people yearned for peace. 人民渴望和平。
• She yearned to go back to the south. 她渴望回到南方去。

27 fascist   

adj.法西斯主义的；法西斯党的；n.法西斯主义者，法西斯分子

参考例句：

• The strikers were roughed up by the fascist cops.罢工工人遭到法西斯警察的殴打。
• They succeeded in overthrowing the fascist dictatorship.他们成功推翻了法西斯独裁统治。

28 invaders   

入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They prepared to repel the invaders. 他们准备赶走侵略军。
• The family has traced its ancestry to the Norman invaders. 这个家族将自己的世系追溯到诺曼征服者。

29 consigned   

v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃

参考例句：

• I consigned her letter to the waste basket. 我把她的信丢进了废纸篓。
• The father consigned the child to his sister's care. 那位父亲把孩子托付给他妹妹照看。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

30 inhuman   

adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的

参考例句：

• We must unite the workers in fighting against inhuman conditions.我们必须使工人们团结起来反对那些难以忍受的工作条件。
• It was inhuman to refuse him permission to see his wife.不容许他去看自己的妻子是太不近人情了。

31 mincing   

adj.矫饰的；v.切碎；切碎

参考例句：

• She came to the park with mincing,and light footsteps.她轻移莲步来到了花园之中。
• There is no use in mincing matters.掩饰事实是没有用的。

32 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

33 jovially   

adv.愉快地，高兴地

参考例句：

• "Hello, Wilson, old man,'said Tom, slapping him jovially on the shoulder. "How's business?" “哈罗，威尔逊，你这家伙，”汤姆说，一面嘻嘻哈哈地拍拍他的肩膀，“生意怎么样？” 来自英汉文学 - 盖茨比
• Hall greeted him jovially enough, but Gorman and Walson scowled as they grunted curt "Good Mornings." 霍尔兴致十足地向他打招呼，戈曼和沃森却满脸不豫之色，敷衍地咕哝句“早安”。 来自辞典例句

34 chambers   

n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅

参考例句：

• The body will be removed into one of the cold storage chambers. 尸体将被移到一个冷冻间里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Mr Chambers's readable book concentrates on the middle passage: the time Ransome spent in Russia. Chambers先生的这本值得一看的书重点在中间：Ransome在俄国的那几年。 来自互联网

35 extravagantly   

adv.挥霍无度地

参考例句：

• The Monroes continued to entertain extravagantly. 门罗一家继续大宴宾客。 来自辞典例句
• New Grange is one of the most extravagantly decorated prehistoric tombs. 新格兰奇是装饰最豪华的史前陵墓之一。 来自辞典例句

36 lament   

n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹

参考例句：

• Her face showed lament.她的脸上露出悲伤的样子。
• We lament the dead.我们哀悼死者。

37 ghetto   

n.少数民族聚居区，贫民区

参考例句：

• Racism and crime still flourish in the ghetto.城市贫民区的种族主义和犯罪仍然十分猖獗。
• I saw that achievement as a possible pattern for the entire ghetto.我把获得的成就看作整个黑人区可以仿效的榜样。

38 bland   

adj.淡而无味的，温和的，无刺激性的

参考例句：

• He eats bland food because of his stomach trouble.他因胃病而吃清淡的食物。
• This soup is too bland for me.这汤我喝起来偏淡。

39 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

40 foul   

adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规

参考例句：

• Take off those foul clothes and let me wash them.脱下那些脏衣服让我洗一洗。
• What a foul day it is!多么恶劣的天气！

41 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

42 fret   

v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损

参考例句：

• Don't fret.We'll get there on time.别着急，我们能准时到那里。
• She'll fret herself to death one of these days.她总有一天会愁死的.

43 pruning   

n.修枝，剪枝，修剪v.修剪（树木等）( prune的现在分词 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分

参考例句：

• In writing an essay one must do a lot of pruning. 写文章要下一番剪裁的工夫。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• A sapling needs pruning, a child discipline. 小树要砍，小孩要管。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

44 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

45 hacks   

黑客

参考例句：

• But there are hacks who take advantage of people like Teddy. 但有些无赖会占类似泰迪的人的便宜。 来自电影对白
• I want those two hacks back here, right now. 我要那两个雇工回到这儿，现在就回。 来自互联网