经济学人227:业余天文学家加入"猎星人"行列

 　　A new world in your bedroom

　　卧室里的新天地

　　Amateur astronomers² join the ranks of the planet hunters

　　业余天文学家加入“猎星人”行列

　　IN AN age of professionals, the ability of amateur scientists to make meaningful contributions has almost vanished. Almost, but not quite. The internet allows professionals to make their data available for analysis by anyone, and some are happy to take advantage of the free labour this promises. This approach has proved particularly fruitful in astronomy, a science with a long history of amateur contributions. Armchair astronomers have already helped classify galaxies³ seen by Hubble, the main orbiting telescope of America’s space agency, NASA. They have also looked for interesting asteroids⁴, and kept an eye out for solar storms.

　　当今世界，专业人士主导天下，业余科学家想要做出积极贡献却心有余而力不足。不足，绝非完全丧失。在互联网的帮助下，专业人士们可以向任何人提供数据用于研究，其中不乏欢迎这种通过分享数据而获得免费劳力办法的人。这种方法被证实在天文学领域内极富成效。业余爱好者对天文学的贡献有着漫长的历史。已有毫无实际经验的天文学爱好者帮助将哈勃望远镜观察到的星系分类。哈勃望远镜是美国宇航局（NASA）主要的轨道望远镜。业余天文学家们也已参与寻找有趣的小行星和观测太阳风暴。

　　The latest project to involve them, called Planet Hunters, allows amateurs to search for extrasolar planets—those that orbit stars other than the sun. It was set up by a group at the universities of Oxford⁵ and Yale, and links 40,000 participants with data gathered by Kepler, another NASA space telescope that is specifically designed to hunt for planets. On September 26th the group announced, in a paper posted to arXiv, an online database, that its participants had discovered two probable exoplanets, one a Jupiter-like gas giant, and the other, possibly, a smaller, rocky world about twice the diameter of Earth.

　　最新的“猎星人”计划号召业余爱好者们参与搜寻太阳系外行星——绕除太阳外的其他恒星运行的行星。此项目由哈佛大学和耶鲁大学的一个团体发起，向40000名参与者提供开普勒望远镜获取的数据。开普勒望远镜是NASA的另外一架太空望远镜，专门用于寻找行星。该组织于9月26日在一篇发表在 arXiv（一个在线数据库）上的论文里宣布，其成员发现了两颗极有可能的外部行星，一颗是与木星类似的气体巨行星，另外一颗可能是体积较小、直径约为地球两倍的岩石星体。

　　Kepler works by monitoring the thousands of stars in its field of view for tiny changes in brightness. Mostly, these are natural fluctuations⁶, but particularly sharp and regular changes might signify a planet passing in front of a star. The raw data are sent to computers on Earth, converted into graphical form and made available to the Planet Hunters. After logging onto the project’s website, its users are given a brightness graph from a random⁷ star and asked to mark anything of interest. If several people flag the same star, the result is checked against the computer-derived results produced by the main Kepler team. Promising⁸ candidates are then checked again by ground-based telescopes.

　　开普勒望远镜的工作原理是监测其视野内成千上万个恒星的亮度的微小变化。大部分情况下，这些变化都是自然波动，但是一旦有急剧变化或者规律性变动，可能是行星在恒星前经过的标志。原始数据将被传输到地球的计算机上，转化成图表，向猎星人开发。猎星人在登录该项目网站后将随机获得一张亮度图表，可根据兴趣进行任何标注。如果多人标注了同一颗恒星，将与专门处理开普勒观测数据的计算机结果比对。有可能存在的候选行星将由地面望远镜进一步确认。

　　That allows Planet Hunters’ participants both to act as a benchmark for the star-detection algorithms and to discover planets the computers have missed, says Chris Lintott, an astronomer¹ at Oxford who helps to run the project. What people lack in speed (the computers have already notched⁹ up over 1,200 candidate planets since Kepler was launched) they make up for in judgment¹⁰. Some stars being watched have very variable brightness. That is confusing for computers, but for human eyes is less of a problem. And input¹¹ from the human planet hunters is used to refine the algorithms, improving their performance.

　　来自剑桥大学的天文学家Chris Lintott说，这样，猎星人不仅能为恒星探测算法提供检验标准，还能发现计算机漏掉的行星。Chris Lintott帮助该项目的运行。人们在速度上的劣势在判断力上得到弥补（自开普勒望远镜启动以来，计算机已经发现超过1200颗候选行星）。一些观测中的恒星亮度变化较大，这对于计算机来说难以把握，但是对于人眼却不成问题。而且，猎星人输入的数据可以用来校正计算机算法，从而优化计算机性能。

　　Planet Hunters grew out of Galaxy¹² Zoo, which was set up in 2007 to help researchers classify galaxies spotted¹³ by Hubble—just the sort of fuzzy task that machines struggle with but humans excel at. Galaxy Zoo spawned¹⁴ the Zooniverse, a collection of science projects that harness the power of amateurs. Although astronomical¹⁵ projects still dominate, other sciences are starting to adopt the idea. One Zooniverse project aims to reconstruct weather records from old Navy logs; another is helping¹⁶ to transcribe¹⁷ a cache of Egyptian papyri dating from the 1st century AD. Dr Lintott and his colleagues have asked researchers in other fields to submit more ideas, and hope to announce the shortlist in a few weeks’ time.

　　猎星人计划的灵感来源于星系动物园计划。星系动物园计划成立于2007年，旨在帮助科研人员将哈勃望远镜观测到的星系分类——正是那种机器无法胜任而对于人类轻而易举的麻烦活。星系动物园计划孵化了动物宇宙计划——一批借助业余爱好者力量的科学计划。尽管主要应用于天文学计划，其他学科也开始采用这一想法。动物宇宙的一个项目计划重现古老航海日志里的气象记录，另外一个项目计划抄录可追溯到公元1世纪的埃及纸莎草卷。Lintott博士和他的同事们已经呼吁其他领域的科研人员们提供更多的想法，有望于几星期后公布最终入选名单。

1 astronomer   

n.天文学家

参考例句：

• A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
• He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。

2 astronomers   

n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪，为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 galaxies   

星系( galaxy的名词复数 )； 银河系； 一群（杰出或著名的人物）

参考例句：

• Quasars are the highly energetic cores of distant galaxies. 类星体是遥远星系的极为活跃的核心体。
• We still don't know how many galaxies there are in the universe. 我们还不知道宇宙中有多少个星系。

4 asteroids   

n.小行星( asteroid的名词复数 )；海盘车，海星

参考例句：

• Asteroids,also known as "minor planets",are numerous in the outer space. 小行星，亦称为“小型行星”，在外太空中不计其数。
• Most stars probably have their quota of planets, meteorids, comets, and asteroids. 多数恒星也许还拥有若干行星、流星、彗星和小行星。

5 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

6 fluctuations   

波动，涨落，起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
• There were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the Stock Exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。

7 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

8 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

9 notched   

a.有凹口的，有缺口的

参考例句：

• Torino notched up a 2-1 win at Lazio. 都灵队以2 比1 赢了拉齐奧队。
• He notched up ten points in the first five minutes of the game. 他在比赛开始后的五分钟里得了十分。

10 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

11 input   

n.输入(物)；投入；vt.把(数据等)输入计算机

参考例句：

• I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
• All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。

12 galaxy   

n.星系；银河系；一群(杰出或著名的人物)

参考例句：

• The earth is one of the planets in the Galaxy.地球是银河系中的星球之一。
• The company has a galaxy of talent.该公司拥有一批优秀的人才。

13 spotted   

adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的

参考例句：

• The milkman selected the spotted cows,from among a herd of two hundred.牛奶商从一群200头牛中选出有斑点的牛。
• Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.山姆的商店屯积了有斑点的短袜。

14 spawned   

（鱼、蛙等）大量产（卵）( spawn的过去式和过去分词 )； 大量生产

参考例句：

• The band's album spawned a string of hit singles. 这支乐队的专辑繁衍出一连串走红的单曲唱片。
• The computer industry has spawned a lot of new companies. 由于电脑工业的发展，许多新公司纷纷成立。

15 astronomical   

adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的

参考例句：

• He was an expert on ancient Chinese astronomical literature.他是研究中国古代天文学文献的专家。
• Houses in the village are selling for astronomical prices.乡村的房价正在飙升。

16 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

17 transcribe   

v.抄写，誉写；改编(乐曲)；复制，转录

参考例句：

• We need volunteers to transcribe this manuscript.我们需要自愿者来抄写这个文稿。
• I am able to take dictation in English and transcribe them rapidly into Chinese.我会英文记录，还能立即将其改写成中文。