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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
LULU GARCIA-NAVARRO, HOST:
Black lung, an epidemic1 of the coal miners' disease, is killing2 thousands of miners across Appalachia. NPR and the PBS program "Frontline" have been working together over the past year and uncovered that the U.S. government repeatedly failed to prevent the outbreak despite multiple opportunities to act. Black lung is caused by breathing in toxic4 silica dust found in the rock coal miners cut through to get coal. But this isn't the first time silica dust has ravaged5 a community. NPR's Adelina Lancianese has the story of what's called the Hawks6 Nest Tunnel disaster, which killed hundreds of workers nearly a century ago.
ADELINA LANCIANESE, BYLINE7: The Hawks Nest Tunnel is still considered an engineering marvel8 today. Water rushes through the tunnel in Gauley Bridge, W.V. Its gate is visible from the lush Hawks Nest State Park on the mountain above.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
CHARLEY JONES: My name is Charley Jones. I live in Gamoca.
LANCIANESE: But almost 90 years ago, this place looked much different. This is tape from a 1930s newsreel about the project.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
JONES: I lost three sons, from working in the tunnel, of silicosis. One is 18, one 23 and one 21.
LANCIANESE: It was the Great Depression. Americans were desperate for work. The tunnel project attracted thousands to West Virginia. And most of them were black men fleeing the South.
MATTHEW WATTS9: And it's hard for me to even imagine what these men felt like when they got here...
LANCIANESE: That's Reverend Matthew Watts.
WATTS: ...And realized what they had gotten themselves into.
LANCIANESE: He's a minister and an amateur historian in Charleston, W.V.
WATTS: The idea that I can go to a place and work. My kids can possibly go to school. I can have a right to vote. And I'm probably - have a very low probability of being hanged - right? - that was attractive. That was paradise. And when they got here, they found that, in this case, they had ended up in a hellhole, literally10.
LANCIANESE: A corporation called Union Carbide had an audacious plan for the workers. Construct a 3-mile-long tunnel through a mountain to divert river water and do it in just 18 months. Thousands of workers drilled holes and then stacked dynamite11 in them to blast through pure quartz12, a type of rock that kicks up silica dust. Silica dust is especially toxic. Once inhaled13, it slices at the lung like shards14 of glass, suffocating15 workers from the inside out. They came out caked in it, says Catherine Venable Moore, a writer who's documented the tragedy.
CATHERINE VENABLE MOORE: There was a nickname at the time for Gauley Bridge - the town of the living dead - because there were so many sick workers and, I think, also because they had this kind of ghostly presence when they were coming out of the tunnel being covered in this white silica dust.
LANCIANESE: Workers were pulling shifts of 10 to 15 hours. And they didn't understand just how quickly the dust could kill them. Here's another worker on that 1930s newsreel.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
UNIDENTIFIED MINER: I worked in Hawks Nest Tunnel for four months. And each and every day that I work in that tunnel, I had to carry off 10 to 14 men - was overcome by the dust.
MARTIN CHERNIACK: The local doctors really were not quite clear, at first, what they were seeing. We had young, healthy people breaking down and developing acute and severe respiratory disease in a very short period of time. And there really isn't a lot of precedence for that.
LANCIANESE: Dr. Martin Cherniack of the University of Connecticut wrote a book about the tunnel. He estimates more than 760 workers died of silicosis in just 18 months' time.
CHERNIACK: So what would happen is they would become sick, profoundly short of breath, have severe weight loss, basically be unable to move and function and exercise themselves.
LANCIANESE: The African-American men were treated the worst. According to later congressional testimony16, they were denied 30-minute breaks in the clean air. They were paid less. And if they were too sick to work, their supervisors17 would force them from their beds at gunpoint. They died in droves. And they were quickly replaced - Matthew Watts.
WATTS: There was a mentality18, you know, that the contractors20 that were supervising the Hawks Nest Tunnel had. Kill a mule21. Buy another one. Kill a man. Hire another one.
LANCIANESE: When one of those men was Dewey Flack. He was African-American, 17 or 18 years old. His age is unclear because, like hundreds of other black tunnel workers, only a few traces of Dewey's life and death remain. Records do show that Dewey was working hundreds of miles away from his home in North Carolina. He would never return.
SHEILA FLACK-JONES: My father mentioned when I was young that he did have a brother.
LANCIANESE: This is Dewey Flack's niece Sheila Flack-Jones.
FLACK-JONES: But the brother, he thought, had run away.
LANCIANESE: She didn't know anything about the Hawks Nest Tunnel or her Uncle Dewey's fate until NPR found her through genealogical records.
FLACK-JONES: I'm heartbroken that my family died thinking that he had run away, and they never knew the real truth.
LANCIANESE: Dewey died two weeks after his last shift in the tunnel. His death certificate is mostly blank. But cause of death is listed as pneumonia22. Like many other black workers who died at Hawks Nest, no next of kin3 was identified.
FLACK-JONES: I'm really, really angry. Here it is 100 years later. Do I mourn for my uncle, the one that I never knew? Do I mourn for my family because they thought he had left? Or do I mourn for what he would have become had he lived? These are things and questions that I'll never have an answer for.
LANCIANESE: Union Carbide and its contractor19 denied any wrongdoing in a congressional hearing. And lawsuits23 filed against them were settled out of court. Local workers who died were interred24 in their families' cemeteries25. But black migrant workers like Dewey Flack were loaded together on wagons26. Records suggest their bodies were eventually buried in unmarked graves in what's now called Whippoorwill Cemetery27 in Summersville, W.V.
At a recent visit, fallen branches and loose cobblestones cover the ground. Rain pools in a coffin-shaped indentation, caving in from decades in the soft dirt. This grave is one of about 40. They are scattered28 throughout the property, all identical, each with a single, wooden cross. It's impossible to know which one belongs to Dewey Flack. Adelina Lancianese, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "SILICOSIS IS KILLIN' ME")
JOSH WHITE: (Singing) I said, silicosis, you made a mighty29 bad break of me.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: You can find our full investigation30 into black lung on npr.org. The "Frontline" documentary "Coal's Deadly Dust" will be broadcast this coming Tuesday. You can see it on your local PBS station.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "SILICOSIS IS KILLIN' ME")
WHITE: (Singing) You robbed me of my youth and health. All you brought poor me was misery31.
1 epidemic | |
n.流行病;盛行;adj.流行性的,流传极广的 | |
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2 killing | |
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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3 kin | |
n.家族,亲属,血缘关系;adj.亲属关系的,同类的 | |
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4 toxic | |
adj.有毒的,因中毒引起的 | |
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5 ravaged | |
毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 ); 蹂躏; 劫掠; 抢劫 | |
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6 hawks | |
鹰( hawk的名词复数 ); 鹰派人物,主战派人物 | |
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7 byline | |
n.署名;v.署名 | |
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8 marvel | |
vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异;n.令人惊异的事 | |
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9 watts | |
(电力计量单位)瓦,瓦特( watt的名词复数 ) | |
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10 literally | |
adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实 | |
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11 dynamite | |
n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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12 quartz | |
n.石英 | |
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13 inhaled | |
v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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14 shards | |
n.(玻璃、金属或其他硬物的)尖利的碎片( shard的名词复数 ) | |
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15 suffocating | |
a.使人窒息的 | |
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16 testimony | |
n.证词;见证,证明 | |
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17 supervisors | |
n.监督者,管理者( supervisor的名词复数 ) | |
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18 mentality | |
n.心理,思想,脑力 | |
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19 contractor | |
n.订约人,承包人,收缩肌 | |
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20 contractors | |
n.(建筑、监造中的)承包人( contractor的名词复数 ) | |
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21 mule | |
n.骡子,杂种,执拗的人 | |
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22 pneumonia | |
n.肺炎 | |
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23 lawsuits | |
n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 ) | |
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24 interred | |
v.埋,葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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25 cemeteries | |
n.(非教堂的)墓地,公墓( cemetery的名词复数 ) | |
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26 wagons | |
n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 );铁路货车;小手推车 | |
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27 cemetery | |
n.坟墓,墓地,坟场 | |
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28 scattered | |
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的 | |
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29 mighty | |
adj.强有力的;巨大的 | |
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30 investigation | |
n.调查,调查研究 | |
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31 misery | |
n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦 | |
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