PBS高端访谈:查理周刊和法国国内的伊斯兰恐惧症

 　　MEGAN THOMPSON: This port city of around 850-thousand is France's second largest, and one of its most diverse. Located on France's southern Mediterranean¹ shore, Marseille is home to tens of thousands of immigrants from throughout Europe and more recently, North Africa.

　　By some estimates, the city is now 30 to 40 per cent Muslim — one of the highest concentrations of Muslims anywhere in this overwhelmingly catholic country. Always a melting pot, Marseille hasn't seen the riots or violence that have broken out in other parts of France in recent years.

　　But even before the January attacks in Paris that shook the nation…first at the satirical newspaper paper Charlie Hebdo, and then, at a kosher market….. Tensions in Marseilles between Muslims and non-Muslims had been rising.

　　CLAUDE DE GARAM: It's awfully³ complicated, all of this. With the arrival of the foreigners who have changed everything in the town of Marseille.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: retired⁴ photographer Claude de Garam has lived in Marseille his entire life. He said he's felt things change over the years.

　　CLAUDE DE GARAM: Before, everyone knew each other. Even the first immigrants in Marseille – the Italians, Spanish, all of that – it all worked fine. Perhaps because it was the same religion. But what came after – it's a lot more complicated. Less integrated.

　　CLAUDE DE GARAM: The old Marseillais are annoyed to have people who come and bother them – in their hometown. Because we have our ways. And the new arrivals feel not well accepted and so you feel their hatred⁵ increasing. You can see it in the buses. There are fights – and that didn't happen before.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: De Garam said he's not sure what the future holds.

　　CLAUDE DE GARAM: We don't know where we are going, but we can feel that it's not towards peace. There's a feeling of uneasiness.

　　AZIZ: Yes, there are problems of Islamaphobia. In my opinion, it's happening more and more.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: As we traveled around Marseille, we spoke⁶ to many French Muslims who told us they've seen things change here, too. Like our taxi driver, Aziz, who was born in Marseille to Tunisian parents. We heard about French-born Muslims feeling like they were sometimes considered foreigners. We also heard complaints about job discrimination…and feeling singled out by politicians.

　　AZIZ: Every public official, whenever there's an election, their number one issue is Islam. But I just gave you a little tour and almost half the people who live here are Muslim. And I don't think you saw anything different from other neighborhoods. Everybody lives normally.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Aziz was showing us around a lower-income section of north Marseille. Outside a mosque⁷ after Friday prayers we met several men who were very suspicious of our camera. Medy, a French-born Muslim of Algerian descent, was the only one who'd talk. He explained many Muslims feel they're portrayed⁸ unfairly by the media.

　　MEDY: They are always trying to say Islam is terrorists. Every time with our religion. So it annoys me. They are not telling the truth.

　　NATHALIE BENSILLA: There are lot of verbal insults. The stares, people in the streets looking at me.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Nathalie Bensilla lives on the other side of Marseille. She was also born in France, the daughter of an Algerian immigrant. She converted to Islam in her early 20s and is now married to the imam of the mosque we visited. The mother of seven said once or twice a month she's ridiculed⁹ because she wears a headscarf. She also said she's been excluded from her children's school field trips, and back in 2012 she had a confrontation¹⁰ in a store.

　　NATHALIE BENSILLA: A woman tore into me, really insulted me. She said you've rejected our origin. Because she knew that I'm French, because I told her. She really insulted me with all these names. She almost hit me.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Bensilla said she reported the incident to the police, but nothing happened. According to a national Muslim advocacy group in France, after the Paris attacks, the number of Islamophobic acts across the country increased by 70%, compared to the same time period last year.

　　NATHALIE BENSILLA: It doesn't bother me. I ignore them. But, when you have your kids with you and someone insults you, it's degrading. And frankly¹¹ when it happens on the street it's hard to justify¹² it to the kids, they don't understand. My son, he says, when I'm big, I'm going to fight these people if they talk to you that way. And I say, you can't respond to aggression¹³ with aggression.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Why do you think people treat you this way?

　　NATHALIE BENSILLA: I really, I think it's fear of ‘the other.' And also lack of understanding of our religion. Also I think that Muslims don't make enough effort to reach out and to explain the fundamentals of our religion. That there is a lot of respect for others.

　　ST?PHANE RAVIER: I would like to remind people that France is a Christian¹⁴ country, with an identity, a culture.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Stéphane Ravier is the mayor of the poor northern section of Marseille that we visited. He's also a member of France's far-right party, the National Front.

　　Last year, he made history, becoming one of the first politicians from that party ever elected to the French senate. The National Front is known for tough talk on immigration, security and Islam… and its hard line on secularism¹⁵, which has offended members of the Muslim community. Ravier once interrupted a Muslim wedding because the bride's face was covered – a violation¹⁶ of French law.

　　ST?PHANE RAVIER: We have an identity, but we also have laws. French law forbids to anyone to be entirely¹⁷ veiled. So, I have only applied¹⁸ the law. So I'm telling the French Muslims and the Muslims in general you have a right to live your religion, but don't forget that here it is French soil, and in France, as it is done around the world, we also have to respect religions and rituals, customs, codes. So there is Islam and there is Islamism, which is growing

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Even before the terror attacks in Paris, the National Front was gaining ground in France amidst growing concerns about the economy and security. French officials have estimated more than 1,000 people have left, or plan to leave France, to wage jihad in Syria and Iraq.

　　ST?PHANE RAVIER: Massive immigration is causing Islamization. We can see that there are some extremist elements at the heart. They are very active. And the French authorities are completely frozen because they fear being labeled Islamophobic. These small groups of Islamists within the heart of Islam are very active and those are the ones that I want to “fight.”

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: Since the attacks, the popularity of the National Front has grown even more. The party's leader came in first in a recent poll of potential candidates in the 2017 presidential election. We recently caught up with Ambroise Bouleis, a television journalist in Marseille, who said it's a surprising development for a party once considered fringe.

　　AMBROISE BOULEIS: They are doing very well. And part of the explanation might be that the attacks brought back, on the scene, their favorite topics. Immigration, national security. Those are the core of their political program.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: As for the climate in Marseille after the attacks, Bouleis said, initially¹⁹ it was quite tense. But he told us the public response was more tepid²⁰ here than in other major French cities, where hundreds of thousands marched in the streets. Bouleis explained that while many Muslims condemned²¹ the violence, they were also offended by the cartoons of Mohammad published in the paper Charlie Hebdo.

　　AMBROISE BOULEIS: Many of them decided²² not to go out, decided not to participate in this public grief. They decided not to say, ‘I am Charlie,” like everyone said this day. But some of them chose to say, “I am not Charlie.' Because for them, supporting Charlie Hebdo was supporting the caricatures of Mohammad that the satirical journal had published.

　　Many Muslims have felt stigmatized²³ as well. Because the three terrorists called themselves Islam defenders²⁴. So it led some people to conflate in a way, Islam and terrorism. And there were some very racist²⁵ rants² on the Internet. So, a large part of the Muslim community was very deeply hurt.

　　MEGAN THOMPSON: It's all been a blow to an already-tense situation in Marseille. As for the future? Even before the attacks, there seemed to be little optimism:

　　CLAUDE DE GARAM: I think that we'll need a few generations to get used to it. Me, I won't be here. But my kids, I think they will be experiencing some tough moments.

　　NATHALIE BENSILLA: It's getting worse and worse. And frankly, I don't think it's going to get better. I don't think it's going to get better.

1 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。

2 rants   

n.夸夸其谈( rant的名词复数 )；大叫大嚷地以…说教；气愤地)大叫大嚷；不停地大声抱怨v.夸夸其谈( rant的第三人称单数 )；大叫大嚷地以…说教；气愤地)大叫大嚷；不停地大声抱怨

参考例句：

• This actor rants his lines. 这演员背台词拿腔拿调。 来自辞典例句
• Parents might also profit from eliminating the rants. 改掉大声叫骂的习惯，家长们也会受益。 来自互联网

3 awfully   

adv.可怕地，非常地，极端地

参考例句：

• Agriculture was awfully neglected in the past.过去农业遭到严重忽视。
• I've been feeling awfully bad about it.对这我一直感到很难受。

4 retired   

adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的

参考例句：

• The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
• Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。

5 hatred   

n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨

参考例句：

• He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

6 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

7 mosque   

n.清真寺

参考例句：

• The mosque is a activity site and culture center of Muslim religion.清真寺为穆斯林宗教活动场所和文化中心。
• Some years ago the clock in the tower of the mosque got out of order.几年前，清真寺钟楼里的大钟失灵了。

8 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

9 ridiculed   

v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Biosphere 2 was ultimately ridiculed as a research debade, as exfravagant pseudoscience. 生物圈2号最终被讥讽为科研上的大失败，代价是昂贵的伪科学。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She ridiculed his insatiable greed. 她嘲笑他的贪得无厌。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 confrontation   

n.对抗，对峙，冲突

参考例句：

• We can't risk another confrontation with the union.我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。
• After years of confrontation,they finally have achieved a modus vivendi.在对抗很长时间后，他们最后达成安宁生存的非正式协议。

11 frankly   

adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说

参考例句：

• To speak frankly, I don't like the idea at all.老实说，我一点也不赞成这个主意。
• Frankly speaking, I'm not opposed to reform.坦率地说，我不反对改革。

12 justify   

vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护

参考例句：

• He tried to justify his absence with lame excuses.他想用站不住脚的借口为自己的缺席辩解。
• Can you justify your rude behavior to me?你能向我证明你的粗野行为是有道理的吗？

13 aggression   

n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害

参考例句：

• So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression.只要我们紧密地团结，就不必惧怕外来侵略。
• Her view is that aggression is part of human nature.她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。

14 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

15 secularism   

n.现世主义；世俗主义；宗教与教育分离论；政教分离论

参考例句：

• Unless are devoted to God, secularism shall not leave us. 除非我们奉献于神，否则凡俗之心便不会离开我们。 来自互联网
• They are no longer a huge threat to secularism. 他们已不再是民主的巨大威胁。 来自互联网

16 violation   

n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯

参考例句：

• He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说，那是违反规则的。
• He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。

17 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

18 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

19 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。

20 tepid   

adj.微温的，温热的，不太热心的

参考例句：

• She bent her mouth to the tap and drank the tepid water.她把嘴伸到水龙头底下去喝那微温的水。
• Her feet firmly planted on the tepid rough brick of the floor.她一双脚稳固地立在微温而粗糙的砖地上。

21 condemned   

adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
• The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。

22 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

23 stigmatized   

v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He was stigmatized as an ex-convict. 他遭人污辱，说他给判过刑。 来自辞典例句
• Such a view has been stigmatized as mechanical jurisprudence. 蔑称这种观点为机械法学。 来自辞典例句

24 defenders   

n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者

参考例句：

• The defenders were outnumbered and had to give in. 抵抗者寡不敌众，只能投降。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• After hard fighting,the defenders were still masters of the city. 守军经过奋战仍然控制着城市。 来自《简明英汉词典》

25 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。