PBS高端访谈:是什么让奥巴马决定在阿富汗驻军

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: We get more on today's announcement from Washington Post reporter Greg Jaffe.

　　Greg, how did he get to this decision?

　　GREG JAFFE, The Washington Post: You know, in the spring, they started a review to decide what they were going to do. The plan had been to go to essentially¹ a Kabul-based force, a small force.

　　And I think most in the administration, especially the president's inner circle, seemed to think that that's where they were going to land. The discussions carried on through the summer. In August, General Dempsey came forward, then the chairman of the Joint² Chiefs of Staff — he just recently stepped down — with a plan for a sustaining force of about 5,000 focused on counterterrorism.

　　And it was then, it seemed to me, that the debate changed, and the president seemed open to that.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: So what were the tensions here? Is this partly the political pressure of making a campaign promise to get the country out of this war, and then the military reality on the ground, where all his top advisers³ are saying something different?

　　GREG JAFFE: You know, I don't think politics played a big role in it. I think the president has a real skepticism about military forces' ability to effect solutions in places like Afghanistan, so he's a really hard sell on these sorts of issues, just because he doesn't think military force fixes the problems, that they're really political problems. No military solutions has sort of become a mantra.

　　So, it took a lot of convincing to bring him around, I think.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: So, if you have insight to this, what was the menu card of options that the generals presented him, here's A, here's B, here's C? What were his choices?

　　GREG JAFFE: You know, I think that the main choices, as I understand them, were there was an option to essentially stay at 9,800, where they are, indefinitely.

　　The real choice and the real focus of the debate in terms of a sustaining presence beyond 2016 into 2017 was really this 5,500 option. That was the one that sucked most of the oxygen in the room. That was the one that they really focused on.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: And so what were the costs and benefits of doing either one plan or increasing it to 10?

　　GREG JAFFE: You know, well, 10 is where we are now. And so I think 10 felt to a lot of people lets you do things that you can't do with five.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: For example?

　　GREG JAFFE: Yes, I think that, in terms of counterterrorism, I think you can pretty much do the similar things with both.

　　What the extra 5,000 gets you is, it gets you out in the field with Afghans a little bit more. You know, we have been using them. Up in Kunduz, for example, special forces helped the Afghans retake that city by calling in airstrikes and providing advice.

　　I think it also gives you a sense of how Afghans are performing in other places. I think we were all shocked by how fast the Iraqi forces crumbled⁴ and collapsed⁵. On paper, they looked pretty good. On paper, the Afghan forces sometimes look pretty good. But things like will and resolve are really hard to measure.

　　And if you're present, you can get a much better sense of those things than you can if you're, you know, hundreds of miles or thousand of miles away.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: Is part of this that nobody has figured out the equation on how to train up Afghan forces well enough?

　　GREG JAFFE: Yes, I think not just Afghan forces, but all of these kind of indigenous⁶ forces in these broken societies, where governments are corrupt⁷ or deeply flawed.

　　General Dempsey said in an exit interview — I thought it was fascinating — he essentially asked himself in this exit interview with a publication called “Joint Forces Quarterly,” you know, can we do this mission? And he answered his own question by saying, I don't know, but I'm not sure we have a choice.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: What's the next step then? If we're keeping these troop levels at the same thing, are there going to be additional perhaps deployments of special units in certain cities?

　　GREG JAFFE: I think if there are problems like you saw in Kunduz, where you have the Taliban taking the cities and the Afghans have to retake it, I think you could see special forces units embedded⁸ with Afghan units to retake those kinds of places.

　　You know, I think it's interesting way the president talked about the 9800, or essentially 10,000. He said that will be the force through late 2016. You know, by late 2016, his successor will be in place. I think he could be signaling some flexibility⁹ there, too, that rather than go down to 5,500, if his successor were to say, I really would be much more comfortable at 10,000, I think it would be hard for him not to stay there.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: All right, Greg Jaffe of The Washington Post, thanks so much.

　　GREG JAFFE: Yes. Thank you.

 

1 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

2 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

3 advisers   

顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授

参考例句：

• a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
• She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。

4 crumbled   

（把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏

参考例句：

• He crumbled the bread in his fingers. 他用手指把面包捻碎。
• Our hopes crumbled when the business went bankrupt. 商行破产了，我们的希望也破灭了。

5 collapsed   

adj.倒塌的

参考例句：

• Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。

6 indigenous   

adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的

参考例句：

• Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
• Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。

7 corrupt   

v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的

参考例句：

• The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
• This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。

8 embedded   

a.扎牢的

参考例句：

• an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
• He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。

9 flexibility   

n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性

参考例句：

• Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
• The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。