科学美国人60秒 SSS 肺癌筛查可以通过尿检实现

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Wayt Gibbs.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是维特·吉布斯。

Imagine getting screened for early-stage lung cancer simply by taking a deep breath from an inhaler and then peeing into a cup.

想象一下，只用吸入器深吸一口气然后往杯子里排尿，就可以进行早期肺癌筛查。

Sangeeta Bhatia, a professor of health sciences and engineering at M.I.T., described how that might be possible in a TED¹ talk she gave in 2016:

麻省理工学院健康科学与工程系的教授桑吉塔·博蒂亚在2016年的TED演讲中描述了这一可能性：

"What if you had a detector² that was so small that it could circulate in your body, find the tumor³ all by itself and send a signal to the outside world?

“如果有个非常小的探测器，可以在你体内循环，找到肿瘤并向外界发出信号，会怎么样？

It sounds a little like science fiction. But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that."

这听起来有点像科幻小说的情景。但实际上，纳米技术就能使我们做到这一点。”

Bhatia's idea was to invent nontoxic nanoprobes that doctors could put inside your blood or lungs or gut⁴ to detect tiny tumors when they're easier to treat—

博蒂亚的想法是发明无毒纳米探针，医生可以将其放入血液、肺或肠道来探测小肿瘤，在它们较容易治疗时就发现，

before they grow big enough to spread throughout the body and damage vital organs.

以免肿瘤增长到扩散全身并损害重要器官。

"I dream that one day, instead of going into an expensive screening facility to get a colonoscopy or a mammogram or a pap smear⁵,

“我梦想着有一天，我们不用昂贵的筛查设备进行肠镜检查、乳房X光检查或子宫颈抹片检查，

that you could get a shot, wait an hour and do a urine test on a paper strip."

而是可以打一针，等一小时，用纸片做尿检。”

In 2017 Bhatia's team reported a proof-of-concept experiment in Nature Biomedical Engineering

2017年，博蒂亚的团队在《自然·生物医学工程》上报告了一项概念验证实验，

that demonstrated nanoprobes like this working to detect early-stage ovarian cancer in mice.

展示了这种检测小鼠早期卵巢癌的纳米探针。

And now the group has refined this technology further to create a screening test for lung cancer that is more sensitive than the CT scans used today.

现在，该团队进一步完善了这项技术，创造出比现在使用的CT扫描更灵敏的肺癌筛查测试技术。

The team of Harvard and M.I.T. researchers described their work in the April 1 issue of Science Translational Medicine.

这个团队由哈佛大学和麻省理工学院的研究人员组成，他们在4月1日出版的《科学·转化医学》期刊上描述了他们的研究。

Lung cancer accounts for nearly a quarter of all cancer deaths in the U.S. each year,

肺癌死亡人数占美国每年癌症死亡珍数的近四分之一，

in large part because most cases of lung cancer are not caught until after the disease has already spread to other sites.

主要是因为大多数肺癌病例直到癌症扩散到其它部位才被发现。

Yet when lung cancer is caught and treated early, the majority of patients survive the disease for at least five years.

然而，如果肺癌能早发现早治疗，那大多数患者至少能存活5年。

But CT screening for lung cancer is not widely used around the world, because it's expensive,

但由于价格昂贵，CT筛查肺癌并未在全世界广泛应用，

and more than 90 percent of positive tests turn out to be benign⁶ growths, not cancer.

而且90%以上的阳性检测结果是良性增生，并不是癌症。

So this kind of screening leads to a lot of unnecessary and invasive biopsies.

因此这种筛查会导致大量不必要的创伤性活检。

In Bhatia's study, which was done on mice genetically⁷ engineered to develop lung tumors very similar to those seen in people,

在博蒂亚的研究中，她通过转基因让小鼠长出与人类非常相似的肺肿瘤，

the nanoprobes were able to detect tumors about 50 times smaller than other screening methods.

相比其他筛查方法，这种纳米探针能检测到小近50倍的肿瘤。

And it produced no false positives.

而且不会产生假阳性。

The nanoprobes are designed to release reporter molecules⁸ when they come near certain kinds of lung tumors.

纳米探针的设计是为了在接近某些类型的肺肿瘤时释放报告分子。

Once released, the reporters pass into the blood, get filtered out by the kidneys and then exit the body in the urine.

一旦释放，报告分子会进入血液，被肾脏过滤出来，然后通过尿液排出体外。

The group is now working to repackage the nanoprobes into a form that could be inhaled⁹ as a powder or through a nebulizer.

研究团队目前致力于重新改造纳米探针，使其变成可吸入粉末形式，或装进喷雾器中。

If that succeeds, then the technology will have to proceed through several years of clinical trials before it could be used to screen people for lung cancer.

如果成功，那该技术将必须经过几年的临床试验，才能应用于筛查肺癌患者。

"And I hope that what this mean is that is that one day we can detect tumors in patients sooner than 10 years after they've started growing...

“我希望这意味着，有一天我们能在肿瘤开始生长不到10年内就能检测到，

and that this would lead to earlier treatments and that we could save more lives than we can today with early detection."

让患者更早接受治疗，我们可以用早期检测拯救更多生命。”

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Wayt Gibbs.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是维特·吉布斯。

1 ted   

vt.翻晒，撒，撒开

参考例句：

• The invaders gut ted the village.侵略者把村中财物洗劫一空。
• She often teds the corn when it's sunny.天好的时候她就翻晒玉米。

2 detector   

n.发觉者，探测器

参考例句：

• The detector is housed in a streamlined cylindrical container.探测器安装在流线型圆柱形容器内。
• Please walk through the metal detector.请走过金属检测器。

3 tumor   

n.（肿）瘤，肿块(英)tumour

参考例句：

• He was died of a malignant tumor.他死于恶性肿瘤。
• The surgeons irradiated the tumor.外科医生用X射线照射那个肿瘤。

4 gut   

n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏

参考例句：

• It is not always necessary to gut the fish prior to freezing.冷冻鱼之前并不总是需要先把内脏掏空。
• My immediate gut feeling was to refuse.我本能的直接反应是拒绝。

5 smear   

v.涂抹；诽谤，玷污；n.污点；诽谤，污蔑

参考例句：

• He has been spreading false stories in an attempt to smear us.他一直在散布谎言企图诽谤我们。
• There's a smear on your shirt.你衬衫上有个污点。

6 benign   

adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的

参考例句：

• The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
• Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。

7 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

8 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

9 inhaled   

v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply. 她合上双眼，深深吸了一口气。
• Janet inhaled sharply when she saw him. 珍妮特看到他时猛地吸了口气。 来自《简明英汉词典》