科学美国人60秒 SSS 人类语言进化与黑猩猩咂嘴

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Mark Stratton.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是马克·斯特拉顿。

"Just imagine it, chatting to a chimp¹ in chimpanzee."

“想象一下，我们能和黑猩猩说猩猩语。”

Whether portrayed² by Rex Harrison, Eddie Murphy or Robert Downey, Jr., Doctor Dolittle learned to talk to animals.

无论由雷克斯·哈里森、艾迪·墨菲还是小罗伯特·唐尼扮演杜立德医生，这个角色都要学习与动物聊天。

But in reality, science has remained some distance from solving the long-standing question of how we humans learned to talk during our evolution.

但现实中，科学离解决“人类在进化过程中如何学会说话”这个长期存在的问题还有一定距离。

Here's one new clue:

这里有一个新线索：

a team of researchers in Great Britain have demonstrated how the rapid succession of opening- and closing-mouth rhythms by chimpanzees—known as "lip smacking³"—mimics the natural pace of human mouths talking.

英国一个研究小组演示了黑猩猩快速连续开合嘴巴的节奏，即“咂嘴”，如何模仿人类嘴巴讲话的自然节奏。

The findings are in the journal Biology Letters.

这项研究发表在《生物学快报》期刊上。

This phenomenon has been observed before in other ape species who performed lip-smacking movements at around five hertz,

研究人员以前在其他类人猿身上也观察到过这种现象，猿类咂嘴动作的频率为5赫兹左右，

which falls within a range of mouth opens and closes characteristic of all spoken languages, namely between two and seven hertz.

处于所有口语的嘴巴开合特征频率范围（2-7赫兹）内。

But this lip-smacking timing⁴ connection had not been made in our closest evolutionary⁵ relatives—until now.

但这种定时咂嘴连接却未出现在我们最近的进化亲戚身上——直到现在还没有。

"Mouth and vocal⁶ signals with speechlike rhythms had already been observed in some monkeys, gibbons and orangutans, one of our closest great ape relatives.

“在一些猴子、长臂猿和红毛猩猩（我们最近的类人猿亲属之一）身上，我们已经观察到了类似口语节奏的嘴部和声音信号。

So the last years had seen accumulating evidence that these rhythms—other than something that talking humans do—

因此，最近几年我们看到有越来越多的证据表明，这些节奏与人类口语节奏不同，

that this was a rhythm from deeper within our primate⁷ ancestry⁸, recycled, so to speak, as a cornerstone for speech evolution."

而是来自我们更久远的灵长类祖先，可以说，是作为语言进化的基石被循环使用。”

Adriano Lameira of the University of Warwick, who led the study.

沃里克大学的阿德里亚诺·拉米拉领导了这项研究。

"But the sense of evolutionary continuity toward speech still had a big gap to cross—the African apes.

“但向口语发展的连续感仍有个巨大鸿沟要跨越——非洲猿。

There was no evidence for speechlike rhythm, neither in gorillas⁹, bonobos, nor chimpanzees."

没有证据表明大猩猩、倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩身上出现过类似口语的节奏。”

The study followed two captive populations of chimpanzees, one in the U.K. and one in Germany, as well as two wild populations in Uganda.

这项研究追踪了两个被圈养的黑猩猩种群，一个种群在英国，另一个种群在德国，除此之外该研究还追踪了乌干达的两个野生种群。

Researchers observed lip smacking at an average of 4.15 hertz.

研究人员观察到咂嘴的平均频率为4.15赫兹。

They made all their observations whenever a chimpanzee was grooming¹⁰ another.

他们所有的观察都在黑猩猩互相梳毛时进行。

Think of a hairdresser engaging in idle chatter¹¹ with a customer at the beauty salon¹².

想象一下，一名理发师在美发店和顾客闲聊。

"The confirmation¹³ of speechlike rhythm of the mouth in chimpanzees does not reveal, per se, how language came about in our own lineage.

“黑猩猩嘴部有类似口语的节奏，本身并未揭示语言在我们人类血系中是如何产生的。

But it offers the final confirmation to scientists that we are looking at the right place,

但这向科学家们提供了最终确认：我们的观察方向是对的，

that we are on the right track to solve this mystery

我们正在正确轨道上解决这一谜题，

and that great apes in captivity¹⁴ and the wild still have to reveal all their secrets about human nature and human origins."

圈养和野生类人猿仍要揭示有关人性和人类起源的所有秘密。”

Lameira also notes that variation in lip-smack times both between and within the chimp groups do not appear to be hardwired.

拉米拉还指出，黑猩猩群之间和群体内部的咂嘴节拍变化似乎都不是固定的。

Rather the lip-smacking variability likely reflected how individual differences and environmental factors, and even social conventions, affect how chimpanzees communicate with each other.

更确切地说，咂嘴可变性可能反映了个体差异、环境因素、甚至社会习俗对黑猩猩相互交流的影响。

Even Doctor Dolittle might well be amazed.

即使杜立德医生也会感到惊讶。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Mark Stratton.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是马克·斯特拉顿。

1 chimp   

n.黑猩猩

参考例句：

• In fact,the color of gorilla and chimp are light-color.其实大猩猩和黑猩猩的肤色是较为浅的。
• The chimp is the champ.猩猩是冠军。

2 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 smacking   

活泼的，发出响声的，精力充沛的

参考例句：

• He gave both of the children a good smacking. 他把两个孩子都狠揍了一顿。
• She inclined her cheek,and John gave it a smacking kiss. 她把头低下，约翰在她的脸上响亮的一吻。

4 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

5 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

6 vocal   

adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目

参考例句：

• The tongue is a vocal organ.舌头是一个发音器官。
• Public opinion at last became vocal.终于舆论哗然。

7 primate   

n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的

参考例句：

• 14 percent of primate species are highly endangered.14%的灵长类物种处于高度濒危状态。
• The woolly spider monkey is the largest primate in the Americas.绒毛蛛猴是美洲最大的灵长类动物。

8 ancestry   

n.祖先，家世

参考例句：

• Their ancestry settled the land in 1856.他们的祖辈1856年在这块土地上定居下来。
• He is an American of French ancestry.他是法国血统的美国人。

9 gorillas   

n.大猩猩( gorilla的名词复数 )；暴徒，打手

参考例句：

• the similitude between humans and gorillas 人类和大猩猩的相像
• Each family of gorillas is led by a great silverbacked patriarch. 每个大星星家族都由一个魁梧的、长着银色被毛的族长带领着。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 grooming   

n. 修饰, 美容，（动物）梳理毛发

参考例句：

• You should always pay attention to personal grooming. 你应随时注意个人仪容。
• We watched two apes grooming each other. 我们看两只猩猩在互相理毛。

11 chatter   

vi.／n.喋喋不休；短促尖叫；(牙齿)打战

参考例句：

• Her continuous chatter vexes me.她的喋喋不休使我烦透了。
• I've had enough of their continual chatter.我已厌烦了他们喋喋不休的闲谈。

12 salon   

n.[法]沙龙；客厅；营业性的高级服务室

参考例句：

• Do you go to the hairdresser or beauty salon more than twice a week?你每周去美容院或美容沙龙多过两次吗？
• You can hear a lot of dirt at a salon.你在沙龙上会听到很多流言蜚语。

13 confirmation   

n.证实，确认，批准

参考例句：

• We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
• We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前，我们需要书面确认。

14 captivity   

n.囚禁；被俘；束缚

参考例句：

• A zoo is a place where live animals are kept in captivity for the public to see.动物园是圈养动物以供公众观看的场所。
• He was held in captivity for three years.他被囚禁叁年。