时差N小时 阅读障碍

As the popular slogan states, "reading is fundamental."

正如那句谚语说的，“阅读是基础。”

But for many kids with dyslexia, learning to read is a struggle.

但对于那些有阅读障碍的孩子来说，学习阅读是种挑战。

Simply put, children with reading disorders² have trouble recognizing words and letters on the page.

简单的说，有阅读障碍的孩子是很难识别书本上的单词和字母的。

And although reading difficulty has been studied for over 100 years, scientists have never determined³ a specific cause.

尽管科学家们针对这个问题已经研究了100多年，但还是没能给出一个确切的原因。

Over the past twenty years, however, researchers have made significant strides.

在过去的20年中，科研人员们已经取得了重大进步。

Many agree that the disorder¹ can be best explained by understanding the mechanics of reading.

他们中的很多都同意如果阅读的机制被理解的话，阅读障碍就能被解读。

When a child learns to read, she begins to associate the shapes of letters with sounds, and then string the sounds together to form words.

当一个孩子学着去阅读的时候，她首先会把单词的形状跟读音联系起来，然后再将这些读音拼到一起组合成新单词。

When a learning reader sees the letters C-A-T on the page, she begins by recognizing that the letter "C" makes a "kuh" sound, A makes an "ahh" sound, and so on.

当一个初学者看到书本上的单词C-A-T时，她首先会注意到字母"C"发"kuh"的音，字母”A”发 "ahh"的音。

These basic sounds are called phonemes, and the ability to manipulate them is called phonological awareness⁴.

这些基本的发音叫做音素，而运用音素的能力叫做语音认知。

Many researches now believe that for children with reading disorders, the problem has to do with impaired⁵ phonological awareness.

现在，很多研究人员认为，对于那些有阅读障碍的孩子来说，这些问题与削弱语音意识有关。

Such children may know what a cat is and be able to describe it in detail, but when it comes to sounding out the written word "CAT" the parts of their brains responsible for processing phonemes just don't work as well as they should.

这样的孩子会知道猫长什么样儿，甚至能够很细致地去描述，但是当看到"CAT"一词读出来时，他们大脑中负责处理音素的部分反应地就没那么快了。

Many reading disorders seem to have nothing to do with intelligence.

许多阅读障碍似乎与智力因素是无关的。

Albert Einstein was dyslexic, and he turned out to be pretty bright.

Albert Einstein就有阅读障碍，但事实证明他很聪明。

The good news is that with proper training, nearly all children can learn to read with proficiency⁶.

令人欣慰的是，适当的训练几乎可以让所有的孩子都能做到熟练地阅读。

And that, as we know, is fundamental.

那就是，我们所说的，基础。

1 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

2 disorders   

n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调

参考例句：

• Reports of anorexia and other eating disorders are on the increase. 据报告，厌食症和其他饮食方面的功能紊乱发生率正在不断增长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The announcement led to violent civil disorders. 这项宣布引起剧烈的骚乱。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

4 awareness   

n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智

参考例句：

• There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
• Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

5 impaired   

adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 proficiency   

n.精通，熟练，精练

参考例句：

• He plied his trade and gained proficiency in it.他勤习手艺，技术渐渐达到了十分娴熟的地步。
• How do you think of your proficiency in written and spoken English?你认为你的书面英语和口语熟练程度如何？