时差N小时 种族类型及记忆

Although there has been much debate about whether race has a biological or social basis, the bottom line is that race is a psychological reality for many people.

虽然对于种族歧视究竟是关于生物种群还是社会因素仍然未果，但至少对多数人来说种族问题是一种心理现实性的反应。

That is, many folks assign other individuals to racial categories based on their appearance, and then make assumptions about them.

这就是说，他们按照外貌将他人划分，然后做出假设。

But racial stereotyping¹ goes beyond classifying people into groups.

但种族刻板印象还远远不止如此。

When a group is assigned a negative stereotype², individuals that exhibit more of the physical characteristics identified with that group suffer more discrimination.

当一个人被贴上低等族群的标签时，会遭受到更多的歧视。

For example, in a recent study, participants were asked to read one of four news articles about a hypothetical African American man.

例如在最近的一项研究中，测试者们被要求阅读四篇关于非裔美国人关于种族印象新闻的其中一篇。

The first story was about a professor receiving an award.

第一篇是关于一名教授获奖。

The second was about an athlete, a role stereotypically³ linked to African Americans.

第二篇是一名非裔美国人的运动员。

The third was about a white-collar criminal and the fourth about a violent criminal.

最后两篇则是一名白领罪犯和一名暴徒。

No matter which story they read, all participants saw the same photo of the man.

不论选择哪篇，文章的附图都是同一名男子。

Despite that fact, when participants were asked to reconstruct the man's face on a computer, they gave the man more stereotypically African features, such as darker skin tones, if he had been portrayed⁵ negatively as the white collar criminal, or-especially--as the violent criminal.

除去新闻内容，当参与者被要求在电脑上重塑这名男子的脸时，如果他曾被丑化为白领犯罪者,或者—尤其是暴力罪犯，他们赋予的是更多黑皮肤等非洲人特质。

The fact that they didn't associate more African features with the athlete, who was portrayed positively⁶, suggests the participants linked these features to negativity rather than stereotypes⁷.

事实上，他们并没有将更多非洲人的特质赋予正面的运动员形象。这就意味着参与者将这些特质与负面形象联系起来，而非刻板印象。

And this happened regardless of the participants' self-reported racial attitudes, which means that they weren't even aware they were having these troubling responses.

而这一切和参与者自己的种族观念无关，他们根本就没意识到自己的答案是存在问题的。

If so, then it's not enough to study the way the media portray⁴ racial groups.

如若这样，对于媒体描述不同种族的研究仍然存在不足之处。

It's also important to study how the public interprets and remembers-or misremembers-the news in a way that sustains racism⁸.

但对于研究基于一定的种族歧视人们是如何理解、记忆或遗漏这些新闻信息的还是有其重要的价值。

1 stereotyping   

v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• I realize that I'm stereotyping. 我认识到我搞的是老一套。 来自辞典例句
• There is none of the gender stereotyping usually evident in school uniforms. 有没有人的性别刻板印象通常是显而易见的。 来自互联网

2 stereotype   

n.固定的形象，陈规，老套，旧框框

参考例句：

• He's my stereotype of a schoolteacher.他是我心目中的典型教师。
• There's always been a stereotype about successful businessmen.人们对于成功商人一直都有一种固定印象。

3 stereotypically   

adv.带有成见地(stereotype的副词形式)

参考例句：

4 portray   

v.描写，描述；画(人物、景象等)

参考例句：

• It is difficult to portray feelings in words.感情很难用言语来描写。
• Can you portray the best and worst aspects of this job?您能描述一下这份工作最好与最坏的方面吗？

5 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

7 stereotypes   

n.老套，模式化的见解，有老一套固定想法的人( stereotype的名词复数 )v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
• It makes me sick to read over such stereotypes devoid of content. 这种空洞无物的八股调，我看了就讨厌。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

8 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。