时差N小时 一夫一妻制的演变

One common explanation of social monogamy is that it's a result of females choosing mates based on the male's ability to provide for his off spring and protect them from being killed by hostile males or by predators¹.

雌性动物需要一个能养育后代的雄性，这个雄性动物还可以保护幼崽们免于被具有敌意的其他雄性和天敌杀害。人们通常这样解释一夫一妻制的由来。

As you can imagine, females who have help from males produce more litters, and have more offspring that survive to pass on that paternal² behavior.

你可以想象，有了雄性动物的帮助，雌性可以生产出更多幼崽，这样就有更多的后代存活，父系行为模式就可以世世代代传播下去。

Actually, a study suggests that maybe things happened the other way around, that monogamy evolved first and that paternal instincts evolved later and helped stabilize³ monogamy.

事实上，一项研究表明，也许一夫一妻制形成的过程恰好相反，即，首先是一夫一妻制逐渐形成，之后才有了父性本能的介入，并最终巩固了一夫一妻制的形成。

Researchers in the UK classified more than 2500 mammalian species as either solitary⁴, socially monogamous, or as group living, which is when several breeding females live together.

英国的研究人员分类整理了在多个正处于孕期的雌性动物一起生活时，独居动物，实行一夫一妻制的动物，和群居动物等2500多种哺乳类动物的行为。

Then, for the socially monogamous species, they analyzed⁵ data from closely related species and discovered that, in each case, the females used to be solitary and territorial⁶, and that infanticide was rare and therefore couldn't have led to monogamy.

他们分析了实行一夫一妻制动物近亲的数据，发现在各个案例中，雌性动物以前都是独居，并且地盘意识非常强，杀死幼崽的现象也几乎没有，因此不可能促使一夫一妻制的形成。

Then why did monogamy evolve?

那么一夫一妻制是怎么形成的呢？

The current thinking is that monogamy evolved as a mateguarding strategy in species where females lived alone too far apart for a single male to monopoliz eaccess to more than one female at a time.

目前的想法是，当雌性动物离得太远，雄性动物一次无法同时两个及两个以上的雌性动物时，出于雄性动物保卫自身繁衍的目的，出现了一夫一妻制。

So monogamy enabled males to pass on their genesmore reliably.

这种制度可以增大遗传雄性基因的可能性，于是一夫一妻制就形成了。

1 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 paternal   

adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的

参考例句：

• I was brought up by my paternal aunt.我是姑姑扶养大的。
• My father wrote me a letter full of his paternal love for me.我父亲给我写了一封充满父爱的信。

3 stabilize   

vt.（使）稳定，使稳固，使稳定平衡；vi.稳定

参考例句：

• They are eager to stabilize currencies.他们急于稳定货币。
• His blood pressure tended to stabilize.他的血压趋向稳定。

4 solitary   

adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士

参考例句：

• I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
• The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际，显得十分壮美。

5 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 territorial   

adj.领土的，领地的

参考例句：

• The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.该国在为保持领土的完整而进行斗争。
• They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.不允许他们在我国领海捕鱼。