万物简史 第170期:爱因斯坦的宇宙(13)

 　　You may not feel outstandingly robust¹, but if you are an average-sized adult you will contain within your modest frame no less than 7 x 10 18 joules of potential energy—enough to explode with the force of thirty very large hydrogen bombs, assuming you knew how to liberate² it and really wished to make a point. Everything has this kind of energy trapped within it. We’re just not very good at getting it out. Even a uranium bomb—the most energetic thing we have produced yet—releases less than 1 percent of the energy it could release if only we were more cunning.

　　你或许觉得自己不大健壮，但是，如果你是个普通个子的成人，你那不起眼的躯体里包含着不少于7×10^18焦耳的潜能——爆炸的威力足足抵得上30颗氢弹，要是你知道怎么释放它，而且确实愿意这么做的话。每种物体内部都蕴藏着这样的能量。我们只是不大善于把它释放出来而已。连一颗铀弹——我们迄今为止制造出的能量最大的家伙——释放出的能量还不足它可以释放出的能量的1％，要是我们更聪明点的话。

　　微笑中的爱因斯坦

　　Among much else, Einstein’s theory explained how radiation worked: how a lump of uranium could throw out constant streams of high-level energy without melting away like an ice cube. (It could do it by converting mass to energy extremely efficiently³ à laE =mc 2 .) It explained how stars could burn for billions of years without racing⁴ through their fuel. (Ditto.) At a stroke, in a simple formula, Einstein endowed geologists⁵ and astronomers⁶ with the luxury of billions of years. Above all, the special theory showed that the speed of light was constant and supreme⁷. Nothing could overtake it. It brought light (no pun intended, exactly) to the very heart of our understanding of the nature of the universe. Not incidentally, it also solved the problem of the luminiferous ether by making it clear that it didn’t exist. Einstein gave us a universe that didn’t need it.

　　其中，爱因斯坦的理论解释了放射作用是怎么发生的：一块铀怎么源源不断地释放出强辐射能量，而又不像冰块那样融化。（只要把质量极其有效地转变为能量，这是办得到的：E=mc^2。）该理论解释了恒星为什么可以燃烧几十亿年而又不把燃料用尽。（同上。）爱因斯坦用一个简单的公式，一下子使地质学家和天文学家的视界开阔了几十亿年。该理论尤其表明，光速是不变的，最快的，什么速度也超不过它。因此，这使我们一下子弄清了宇宙性质的核心。而且，该理论还解决了光以太的问题，说明它并不存在。爱因斯坦的宇宙不需要以太。

1 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

2 liberate   

v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由

参考例句：

• They did their best to liberate slaves.他们尽最大能力去解放奴隶。
• This will liberate him from economic worry.这将消除他经济上的忧虑。

3 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

4 racing   

n.竞赛，赛马；adj.竞赛用的，赛马用的

参考例句：

• I was watching the racing on television last night.昨晚我在电视上看赛马。
• The two racing drivers fenced for a chance to gain the lead.两个赛车手伺机竞相领先。

5 geologists   

地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
• Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。

6 astronomers   

n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪，为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。