万物简史 第263期:大地在移动(17)

 　　No one can say what causes the oceans' chemistry to change so dramatically from time to time, but the opening and shutting of ocean ridges¹ would be an obvious possible culprit.

　　谁也说不清什么原因导致了海洋化学成分不时发生戏剧性的变化。但是，海脊的张开和合拢显然可能是个原因。

　　At all events, plate tectonics not only explained the surface dynamics² of the Earth—how an ancient Hipparion got from France to Florida, for example—but also many of its internal actions. Earthquakes, the formation of island chains, the carbon cycle, the locations of mountains, the coming of ice ages, the origins of life itself—there was hardly a matter that wasn't directly influenced by this remarkable³ new theory. Geologists⁴, as McPhee has noted⁵, found themselves in the giddying position that "the whole earth suddenly made sense."

　　无论如何，板块构造学不仅解释了地球的表面动力学──比如，古代三趾马是怎么从法国跑到了佛罗里达，而且还解释了它的许多内部活动。地震、群岛的形成、碳循环、山脉的位置、冰期的到来、生命本身的起源──几乎没有一样不是受这种了不起的新理论的直接影响的。麦克菲指出，地质学家们觉得眼花缭乱，“整个地球突然之间都说得通了”。

　　Earth map

　　But only up to a point. The distribution of continents in former times is much less neatly⁶ resolved than most people outside geophysics think. Although textbooks give confident-looking representations of ancient landmasses with names like Laurasia, Gondwana, Rodinia, and Pangaea, these are sometimes based on conclusions that don't altogether hold up. As George Gaylord Simpson observes in Fossils and the History of Life, species of plants and animals from the ancient world have a habit of appearing inconveniently⁷ where they shouldn't and failing to be where they ought.

　　但是，只是在某种程度上。以往年代的大陆分布并不像大多数非地球物理学界人士认为的那样已经得到很好解决。虽然教科书上好像很有把握地列出了古代的陆块，什么劳拉古陆呀，冈瓦纳大陆呀，罗迪尼亚大陆呀，泛大陆呀，但它们有时候是以不完全能成立的结论为基础的。乔治·盖洛德·辛普森在《化石与生命史》中指出，古代世界的许多种动植物出现在不该出现的地方，而却没有出现在该出现的地方。

1 ridges   

n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊

参考例句：

• The path winds along mountain ridges. 峰回路转。
• Perhaps that was the deepest truth in Ridges's nature. 在里奇斯的思想上，这大概可以算是天经地义第一条了。

2 dynamics   

n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态

参考例句：

• In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利，你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
• Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。

3 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

4 geologists   

地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
• Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。

5 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

6 neatly   

adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地

参考例句：

• Sailors know how to wind up a long rope neatly.水手们知道怎样把一条大绳利落地缠好。
• The child's dress is neatly gathered at the neck.那孩子的衣服在领口处打着整齐的皱褶。

7 inconveniently   

ad.不方便地

参考例句：

• Hardware encrypting resists decryption intensely, but it use inconveniently for user. 硬件加密方法有较强的抗解密性，但用户使用不方便。
• Even implementing the interest-deferral scheme for homeowners has proved inconveniently tricky. 甚至是对房主实行的推迟利息的方案，结果证明也是极不方便的。