新概念英语85年上外美音版第四册 第18课

　　Lesson 18 The Social Founction of Science 科学的社会作用
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy¹ in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry² is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably³. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research  cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance,  have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling⁴ to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking⁵.
weigh 起作用
(1) 称重：I weigh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight.  How much do you weight?
What is your weight?
(2)起作用：It weighs much.这相当重要=matters
(3)对谁有利： weigh in favor of     be weighed in favor of    load in favor of
be loaded in favor of
(4)对谁不利：be weighed against    load/be loaded against
The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant⁶.(被告)   原告：plaintiff
effectiveness 成效
work.,effective(有效果的)   efficient高效的   effect：come into effect, take effect
in so far as 因此
since, in that,  as for as sb, is concerned
赞成：sgree ,support ,stant by your side
inquiry 调查研究
investigation(case)
examination(有症结所在作为前提)
check(不清楚有无毛病)
research(科研)
inquiry into(scientific, a case)
inquire into sth.
inquire about(formal)
inquire after sb.
considerably相当的
程度词   considerate:体贴的， 考虑周到的
sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative
considerable+sth.
I make considerable money.(=substantial)
positive 确实的
The result is positive.  His words are positively⁷ right. 只做程度副词
He is positive in the class.(活跃、积累)  positive:成阳性的
patent 获得…专利权
My invention is patented.  I’ll/I’d like to paten my invention.
获得：take out a patent  专利局 patent office 专利人：patentee  专利权许可者
(adj.)明显的，显著的=obvious   It is patent that he loves the girl.
seek for 寻求
seek for freedom    seek truth    seek for true love  seek for justice   seek after(指人) 过去分词:sought
He is much sought after. 抢手 红得发紫    The book is sought after.畅销
chance 偶然性的
It is my chance discovery.随便得到   chance companion萍水相逢
偶然发现的东西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there.
extent 程度
to some extent /degree
agent 情报人员
be likely to…可能会…..
it+possible   it/sb.+likely     可能性：likelihood
Two factors:两个因素   weigh against:不利   heavily-副词 effectiveness:效果 给出主题句
general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性   atmosphere:氛围，气氛   it-research
One …,the other the tack⁸ of freedom of the individual research worker.
只有并列结构可以省掉谓语
My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse.
lack of freedom 没有自由度(个体区别)
general atmosphere(大环境)
research worker:研究者
In so far as 由于，因为
主语it-resarch     limit=prewent:阻止，限制    engaged in---后置定语
limit from :阻止   contact 交流  effective有效的  fellow scientists同行
often enough 平凡  firm公司
contact with保持联系   (v.) contact me   (n.)keep contact with me
touch    keep in tuch
vary变化=is diffient   It varies from one family to another.
be of 结构     general普遍的，基础的  fundamental基础的
such…..that
a positive advantage-主语
to them 对他们而言
it---not to keep them secret(形式主语)
be open to any advice and suggestion
yet-转折    process研究过程    such research---general and fundamental
are sought for被追求表示状语：with complete secrecy
until:直到   industries:各个行业
where…..---表原因     chance discoveries:偶然的发现
part：作用     they do---chance discoveries
highly predictable高度可预测性     go to达到
such….that如此,以至于    nature本性，特点
for instance 比如说（插入语）
have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries…..
他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍
difficulty=trouble   have a difficulty=unwilling to do sth.
they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做
enter进入，签名sign签名=have sth. done
have taken out借书  for fear(虚拟)唯恐，担心    trace踪迹
have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做…..
I have a difficulty shopping with you.(强调客观性)
=I am unwilling to shop with you.(更强调主观性)
as 作为   for fear唯恐（一见这个词，就是虚拟语气）
in case , lest+(should ) do
so as not to (口)
trace=find:发现    trace the route:寻觅踪迹
undertaking(=carry out) 从事     Cheshire:郡=county
to such an extent 达到如此的效果
The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher.

1 secrecy   

n.秘密，保密，隐蔽

参考例句：

• All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.该项目的所有研究人员都按要求起誓保守秘密。
• Complete secrecy surrounded the meeting.会议在绝对机密的环境中进行。

2 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

3 considerably   

adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上

参考例句：

• The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
• The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。

4 unwilling   

adj.不情愿的

参考例句：

• The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
• His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。

5 undertaking   

n.保证，许诺，事业

参考例句：

• He gave her an undertaking that he would pay the money back with in a year.他向她做了一年内还钱的保证。
• He is too timid to venture upon an undertaking.他太胆小，不敢从事任何事业。

6 defendant   

n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的

参考例句：

• The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
• The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。

7 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

8 tack   

n.大头钉；假缝，粗缝

参考例句：

• He is hammering a tack into the wall to hang a picture.他正往墙上钉一枚平头钉用来挂画。
• We are going to tack the map on the wall.我们打算把这张地图钉在墙上。