Solving problems Scientifically

LESSoN TEN (B)      TEXT  B     Solving problems Scientifically           There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge and greater understanding. Although the methods are not always the same, there are usually certain elements in the procedures that are similar.     Recognizing the problem       problems must first of all be recognized. The right answers can be obtained only if the right questions are asked. A thoroughly1 understood problem is well started toward solution. problems arise in a variety of ways. Sometimes they grow out of a chance(无意，偶然) observation. They may result from reading, from laboratory experiments, or simply from thinking. They also may result from new developments or from new or different human needs.  Today, for example, problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biological engineering, and microelectronics. The development of industry has also brought about (导致，引起)large numbers of problems which have to be solved.     Collecting Information       Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it.  often this means going to the library and studying books which contain accounts of mans experience and knowledge of the problem. This is called searching the literature.           The scientist may find that others have already solved all or a part of the problem. occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions, which give clues for solving the new one. In his search the scientist accumulates much background information. With these new ideas and facts he builds a firm foundation for solving the problem.       organizing the Information       After the scientist has finished this part of his work he will probably take the many facts which he has collected and organize them into some kind of system. This may be a logical classification or it may be a mathematical analysis. Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study. perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis is that it indicates certain truths, which generally are called inferences.     Making a Hypothesis       In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. A hypothesis is only a best guess.  It must next be tested.           If it is correct, then certain things should follow. This means if a particular experiment is carried out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should be possible to make certain predictions.                (If)Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. If, however, observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable, then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.     The Experiment       The hypothesis must check with(agree with) the facts. Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory. Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions. Thorough and accurate records must be kept.           In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. A variable is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of laboratory test all the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is called controlled experimentation2.                                Up-to-date information;     Word-to-word translation;   Araise----arise     Raise---rise     You need to accumulate the experience.      Background----family background      Social background;      Working experience     You laid a firmsolid foundation for your exam.     Solution     Arise     Step      Get---gain---obtain     Biology     Engineer     Microscope-----telescope     Microwave     Cultural background     Logic ----- logical ----illogical     Mathematics-----math     Analyze     Show     Indication     Infer from-----inferable     predict----prediction---predictor     forecast     confident----self-confidence      revise      modification      exact---inexact      precise      vary----various      experiment----test      all kinds of ----all sorts of      be in line with ----- be out of line with

1 thoroughly   

adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地

参考例句：

• The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
• The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。

2 experimentation   

n.实验，试验，实验法

参考例句：

• Many people object to experimentation on animals.许多人反对用动物做实验。
• Study and analysis are likely to be far cheaper than experimentation.研究和分析的费用可能要比实验少得多。