新托福听写训练 第28期

Listen to a conversation between two students.

W:Can you give me an idea about what I missed in sociology class on Tuesday?

M:Oh, it was really interesting. First you under over material on how infants normally shift to become more interested in people than objects. You know, at first babies just like to look at things, only later do they start to interact with people, and then we talked about play as a part of socialization of children.

W:Play? You mean like games or make believe?

M:Yeah, all different kinds of play. Apparently¹, it's important for children to experiment the different roles like pretending their parents instead of a child, also through the play that they learned to adapt to the norms as the rules of their social groups.

W:Which of the reading did the professor refer to?

M:A lot of them come from Erik Eriksson's work on psychological development. He said that for children play isn't just a part of recreation the way as adults, when children played, they can deal with problems and they can learn then they even expressing things like fear and frustration². If children aren't successful in play, they may even have the emotional problems later in life.

W:Did the class talk about the other research?

M:Yean, we talked about research on animal behavior and how young animals play too. The professor said that there is evidence that the play is biologically base. This means that animal actually had instincts that lead them to play to explore and learn about the environment.

W:So it's the play that leads animals and humans get exposed to different experiences.

M:Exactly, and it actually shot them all kinds of skills, thinking skills as well as physical skills that they need to survive.

W:I have to go now, but let's talk about this more before the next class.

1 apparently   

adv.显然地；表面上，似乎

参考例句：

• An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
• He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。

2 frustration   

n.挫折，失败，失效，落空

参考例句：

• He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
• He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。