【一起听英语】自由

怎样来定义自由?

Rob: Welcome to 6 Minute English with me, Rob.

Finn: And me, Finn. Hello.

Rob: In today's programme, we're talking about freedom. It's a big subject and

it's something the BBC has been exploring in its Freedom 2014 season.

Finn: That's right. There's been a season of programmes about what freedom

means to different people.

Rob: Well, we're going to try and summarise¹ what freedom really is and look at

some related vocabulary. But first a definition – what does freedom

mean?

Finn: According to the Oxford² English Dictionary, freedom is the power or right

to act, speak, or think as one wants.

Rob: Yes, it's something many people expect to have – we consider it our right

- but certain people in some of the world do not get to experience the

feeling of freedom.

Finn: You mean some people are restricted and controlled in what they can

and can't do.

Rob: Some organisations try to rank countries – or give them a score – based

on how free its people are. It's calculated according to certain factors -

and my question for you today Finn is, according to the World Freedom

Index 2013 by the Canadian Fraser Institute, the people of which country

came out as number one, in terms of having the most freedom? Was it:

a) the USA

b) Sweden

c) New Zealand

Finn: I'm going to say c) New Zealand.

Rob: We'll see if you're right later on. So let's talk more about freedom – a

word that means many things to many people. We sometimes hear about

political freedom – where people are able to vote in elections to choose

who runs their country – and where people are able to challenge what

their leaders do. We often refer to this system as a democracy.

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Finn: Many people would say that any system of democracy should

automatically include the right to free speech – that’s the right to say

what you want about anything you want. We also hear about freedom for

women – when they have the same rights as men. This is one form of

equality. We also hear about equality for people of different colour,

religion or sexual orientation³. People usually don't feel free or equal if they

are treated differently because of something like their race, colour, gender⁴

or disability. One example of this is the system of apartheid, which

passed laws to restrict the freedom and rights of black people in South

Africa.

Rob: Many of those laws are no longer in existence – but freedom is still an

issue around the world today. The BBC Freedom 2014 season looked at

examples of modern-day slavery in the Thai fishing industry. There is

forced labour, where people are made to work in terrible conditions for

little or no money.

Finn: There's also secrecy⁵ and surveillance – when you're being watched by

the government; these can also be seen as ways of controlling someone's

freedom. And some say that blocking the public’s access to certain

information limits freedom.

Rob: Yes, the American computer expert Edward Snowden famously disclosed

thousands of confidential⁶ – or secret – documents held by America's

National Security Agency so people could see what information was being

kept about them.

Finn: But possibly the most personal example of having your freedom restricted

is when you are held unfairly against your will – in prison or as a hostage,

which is what happened to Norman Kember, a British man who was taken

hostage in Iraq in 2005.

Rob: He says the only thing that kept him free was his mind. He would picture

something good in his head. So, although as a hostage his body wasn't

free, he could still feel free by thinking about his garden - the flowers and

trees and the sound of birdsong. Simple pleasures.

Finn: Freedom really came for him when he was eventually rescued during a

military operation on 23 March 2006, and the first thing he did when he

returned to England was… walk in his garden. It must have been a great

feeling.

Rob: In different situations, people around the world have fought to win their

freedom in many different ways. They have held protests and marches,

and campaigned for a change in laws and attitudes – changing the way

people think.

Finn: And when people living under a regime want to make a change for the

better they sometimes take to the streets to chant, shout and sing. Lots of

songs have been written about freedom. But if you can't sing, there's

another, newer way to make your voice heard: people use social media to

spread their message and hopefully get support for their cause. It's what 

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happened in a number of uprisings in the Middle East, such as the Arab

Spring.

Rob: Let's get back to the question I asked you earlier about which country

came first in the World Freedom Index 2013, according to the Canadian

Fraser Institute?

Finn: I said c) New Zealand. Was I right?

Rob: Yes, well done, the answer is New Zealand. The freedom index was based

on a number of measures such as freedom of speech, religion, economic

choice and women's rights. You can find more detail about the BBC

Freedom Season on the BBC website. We'll be back with more 6 Minute

English very soon. Please join us then.

Both: Bye.

1 summarise   

vt.概括，总结

参考例句：

• I will summarise what I have done.我将概述我所做的事情。
• Of course,no one article can summarise the complexities of china today.当然，没有哪一篇文章能概括出中国今日的复杂性。

2 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

3 orientation   

n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍

参考例句：

• Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
• The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。

4 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

5 secrecy   

n.秘密，保密，隐蔽

参考例句：

• All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.该项目的所有研究人员都按要求起誓保守秘密。
• Complete secrecy surrounded the meeting.会议在绝对机密的环境中进行。

6 confidential   

adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的

参考例句：

• He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters.他不让秘书处理机密文件。
• We have a confidential exchange of views.我们推心置腹地交换意见。