GRE写作的开头、论据、论证及结尾段指导

 　　一. 开头

　　In the argument, the …(主题对象) recommends that …(对结论做论述，基本上可以抄原文，用另外一种方式表达即可). To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(说明文章用了什么论据去证明观点了，同上抄袭即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (说明这篇文章逻辑上是有缺陷的).

　　二. 攻击论据

　　1. 调查结果没有证据申明

　　To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (阐述说出了一个没有根据的申明，并说出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely¹ possible that… (说明这种猜测可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述这个申明)…(说出反方向的结论).

　　2. 提到了样本，但是数据不具有代表性(数据不够)Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically² reliable. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(说明对象的数量和质量不够) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在这里列出原因和结果，做比较) However, the other reasons of the survey which (叙述其他原因下的情况). As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably³ draw any conclusion by relying on this survey.

　　3. 猜测，但是没有证据

　　Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (阐述文中的猜测) However, the letter provides no evidence to substantiate⁴ this assumption. In fact, the letter suggests that this might be the case. By admitting that …, the letter implies that …说明影响他们happy的因素还有其他的方面，不光是研究中所列举三. 攻击论证过程

　　1. 时间上的错误类比

　　To begin with,…(陈述某个数据) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和现在相比较是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例), For that matter, perhaps …(说出反例的情况下会导致何种结果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假设说出针对反例应该怎么做)the memo⁵’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(说出应该有的结论)2.错误的因果关系

　　3. 两个事实错误的类比

　　Even if…(让步，即使某个条件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(说明错误的类比的情况). It is entirely possible that the …(比较对象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具体说出反例) Without accounting⁶ for such differences between the two places is unreliable.

　　4. 错误的推论

　　Even if …(让步，即使某个条件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(说出要让步的是事实). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (说出文中的根据). Perhaps …(说出有可能出现的其他情况导致这个事实)if so, (说出不一样的结果，与上面事实相矛盾). Or…(其他的情况) In short, without more information about…(对上面的可能情况总结) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的结论).

　　四. 结论的攻击

　　说明结论不完美，可以有其他的方法

　　Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的办法实现目标). Perhaps by…(办法一), or by (办法二), (对目标进行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (说明提供的方案不好).

　　赢利

　　Finally, even if the families support to build the new seafood⁷ restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. Thus, it is quite possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtaining high-quality and healthy seafood or of new promoting restaurant might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature⁸ at best.

　　同时叙述两个错误的论据

　　The memo also makes two hasty assumptions about …(说明两个猜想相关的内容). One such assumption is that …(第一个猜想的情况说明). It is entirely possible that …(反例). Another assumption is that(另外一个错误的猜想) Common sense informs me that (反例)Furthermore, the difference in the two firms’ overall placement time last year does not necessarily indicate that Delany would be the better choice to serve XYZ’s laid-off employees. These employees might have particular skills or needs that are not representative of the two firm’s clients in general. Besides, one year’s placement statistics hardly sufficient to draw any firm conclusions.

　　五. 结尾段

　　In sum, the argument seems logical, but is based on nothing more than pure speculation⁹ and perhaps wishful thinking, yet lack of some warranted investigation¹⁰. To strength it, the author needs to evaluate all possible alternatives and provide detail and comprehensive evidence before jumping to the conclusion that …(文中的结论)

1 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

2 statistically   

ad.根据统计数据来看，从统计学的观点来看

参考例句：

• The sample of building permits is larger and therefore, statistically satisfying. 建筑许可数的样本比较大，所以统计数据更令人满意。
• The results of each test would have to be statistically independent. 每次试验的结果在统计上必须是独立的。

3 justifiably   

adv.无可非议地

参考例句：

• There General Walters would come aboard to greet me, justifiably beaming with pride at his arrangement. 在那儿沃尔特斯将军会登上飞机来接我，理所当然为他们的安排感到洋洋得意。 来自辞典例句
• The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们的经济成就感到自豪，这是无可非议的。 来自互联网

4 substantiate   

v.证实；证明...有根据

参考例句：

• There is little scientific evidence to substantiate the claims.这些主张几乎找不到科学依据来证实。
• These theories are used to substantiate the relationship between the phenomenons of the universe.这些学说是用来证实宇宙现象之间的关系。

5 memo   

n.照会，备忘录；便笺；通知书；规章

参考例句：

• Do you want me to send the memo out?您要我把这份备忘录分发出去吗？
• Can you type a memo for me?您能帮我打一份备忘录吗？

6 accounting   

n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表

参考例句：

• A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
• There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。

7 seafood   

n.海产食品，海味，海鲜

参考例句：

• There's an excellent seafood restaurant near here.离这儿不远有家非常不错的海鲜馆。
• Shrimps are a popular type of seafood.小虾是比较普遍的一种海味。

8 premature   

adj.比预期时间早的；不成熟的，仓促的

参考例句：

• It is yet premature to predict the possible outcome of the dialogue.预言这次对话可能有什么结果为时尚早。
• The premature baby is doing well.那个早产的婴儿很健康。

9 speculation   

n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机

参考例句：

• Her mind is occupied with speculation.她的头脑忙于思考。
• There is widespread speculation that he is going to resign.人们普遍推测他要辞职。

10 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。