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GRE写作的这些论证方法

时间:2014-03-08 00:32来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   一、演绎推理论证法

  将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。
  论点:Demand for this product wii go up。
  论据:The price of the product is sliding.
  推理依据:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
  (说明:由论据“the price of the product is sliding ”推出论点“Demand for this product will go up”,这个过程是否有效取决于推理依据“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一种论证方法都是如此)二、定义法
  界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义,从而得出结论。例如:
  论点:Radical1 feminists2 are not good citizens.
  论据:Radical feminists lack family values.
  推理依据:Family values characterize the good citizes.
  三、因果关系论证法
  将一个判断放入一个因果关系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是结果。例如:
  论点:The internet may be causing depression.
  论据:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed3.
  推理依据:There are no other reasons for the group's depression.
  四、归纳推理论证法
  从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如:
  论点:Everyone likes the movie.
  论据:I know three people who like the movie.
  推理依据:Three eaxmples are enough.
  五、列举特征式论证法
  指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如:
  论点:The child has chickenpox.
  论据:The child has red spots.
  推理依据:These spots are signs of chickenpox.
  六、类比论证法
  用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较,并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种:纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如:
  1.纵向类比(Historical analogy)
  论点:Many people will die of SARS.
  论据:Many people died of the Black Death.
  推理依据:SARS and Black Death are similar.
  2.横向类比(Literal analogy)
  论点:China should have its fighter carriers.
  论据:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
  推理依据:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
  3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy)
  论点:Reading a difficult book should take time.
  论据:Digesting a large metal takes time.
  推理依据:Reading and eating are sufficiently4 alike to be compared.
  七、引用权威论证法
  引用公认的权威,或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如:
  论点:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
  论据:Professors and scientists say so.
  推理依据:These experts are reliable.
  八、诉诸尝试法
  利用人们的常识【包括:普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如:
  1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。
  论点:The university curriculum should be multicultural5.
  论据:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
  推理依据:You value equality and acceptance.
  2.诉诸普遍动机
  论点:You should support this candidate premier6.
  论据:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
  推理依据:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
  3.诉诸生活常识
  论点:She was very kind to me.
  论据:She treated me with the best tea she had.
  推理依据:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
  九、反证法
  假设一个观点是正确的,然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如:
  论点:An industrious7 man must also be thrifty8.
  论据:With only industry but without thrift9 ,the person will end uo bankrupt.
  推理依据:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
  十、统计数据论证法
  提供数据,以资论证。例如:
  论点:We should end the current poverty-relief program.
  论据:It costs $45 million per year.
  推理依据:This is too much;it proves we should end it.
  只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明,在具体运用时,我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起,但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造,也可以是大众的例子,关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。上面的这些技巧,可能我们只用到某种或某几种,但我们必须得会至少一种。
 

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1 radical hA8zu     
n.激进份子,原子团,根号;adj.根本的,激进的,彻底的
参考例句:
  • The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
  • She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。
2 feminists ef6993909ee3f0b8d1e79a268168539d     
n.男女平等主义者,女权扩张论者( feminist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Only 16 percent of young women in a 1990 survey considered themselves feminists. 在1990年的一项调查中,只有16%的年轻女性认为自己是女权主义者。 来自辞典例句
  • The organization had many enemies, most notably among feminists. 这个组织有许多敌人,特别是在男女平等主义者中。 来自辞典例句
3 depressed xu8zp9     
adj.沮丧的,抑郁的,不景气的,萧条的
参考例句:
  • When he was depressed,he felt utterly divorced from reality.他心情沮丧时就感到完全脱离了现实。
  • His mother was depressed by the sad news.这个坏消息使他的母亲意志消沉。
4 sufficiently 0htzMB     
adv.足够地,充分地
参考例句:
  • It turned out he had not insured the house sufficiently.原来他没有给房屋投足保险。
  • The new policy was sufficiently elastic to accommodate both views.新政策充分灵活地适用两种观点。
5 multicultural qnIzdX     
adj.融合多种文化的,多种文化的
参考例句:
  • Children growing up in a multicultural society.在多元文化社会中长大的孩子们。
  • The school has been attempting to bring a multicultural perspective to its curriculum.这所学校已经在尝试将一种多元文化视角引入其课程。
6 premier R19z3     
adj.首要的;n.总理,首相
参考例句:
  • The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
  • He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。
7 industrious a7Axr     
adj.勤劳的,刻苦的,奋发的
参考例句:
  • If the tiller is industrious,the farmland is productive.人勤地不懒。
  • She was an industrious and willing worker.她是个勤劳肯干的员工。
8 thrifty NIgzT     
adj.节俭的;兴旺的;健壮的
参考例句:
  • Except for smoking and drinking,he is a thrifty man.除了抽烟、喝酒,他是个生活节俭的人。
  • She was a thrifty woman and managed to put aside some money every month.她是个很会持家的妇女,每月都设法存些钱。
9 thrift kI6zT     
adj.节约,节俭;n.节俭,节约
参考例句:
  • He has the virtues of thrift and hard work.他具备节俭和勤奋的美德。
  • His thrift and industry speak well for his future.他的节俭和勤勉预示着他美好的未来。
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