六级语法之虚拟语气

 　　虚拟语气用法详解

　　一、 条件句中的虚拟语气

　　1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式

　　从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

　　时间：将来

　　从句谓语形式： 动词过去式(be用were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形

　　主句谓语形式：would / should / might / could + 动词原形

　　时间：现在

　　从句谓语形式：动词过去式(be 用 were)

　　主句谓语形式：would / should / might / could + 动词原形

　　时间：过去

　　从句谓语形式：had +动词过去分词

　　主句谓语形式：would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词

　　2. 中的虚拟语气的举例

　　(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

　　If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。

　　If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。

　　(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

　　If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。

　　If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。

　　(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

　　If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。

　　If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。

　　3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题

　　(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：

　　Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。

　　If I were you, I would try my best to grasp¹ the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。

　　(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。

　　①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：

　　If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了

　　If they had informed² us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。

　　②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：

　　If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from www.yygrammar.com)。

　　If he knew her, he would have greeted³ her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。

　　③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：

　　If it had not been raining too much, the crops⁴ would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。

　　If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了

　　(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：

　　Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。

　　Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

　　Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired⁵ him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from www.yygrammar.com)。

　　(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：

　　I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。

　　But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。

　　Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。

　　(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。

　　①省略从句

　　He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。

　　You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。

　　②省略主句

　　If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。

　　If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。

1 grasp   

n.把握，抓紧，抓，柄，控制，理解；vt.抓住，紧握，领会；vi.抓

参考例句：

• Don't want to grasp my hand!不要抓我的手啊！
• I can't grasp this maths question.我不理解这道数学题。

2 informed   

a.了解情况的；有见识的

参考例句：

• It is regrettable that the police were not informed sooner. 遗憾的是没有早些报警。
• He looked blank when he was informed of his dismissal. 当被告知自己被解雇时，他显得茫然。

3 greeted   

v.欢迎( greet的过去式和过去分词 )；迎接；致意；（以某种方式）对…作出反应

参考例句：

• Her speech was greeted with howls of derision. 她的演讲受到阵阵嘲笑。
• He greeted all the guests warmly as they arrived. 客人到达时他都热情接待。

4 crops   

pl.农作物

参考例句：

• Farmers are being encouraged to diversify into new crops. 目前正鼓励农民兼种新的农作物。
• The crops will not grow on exposed hillsides. 在裸露的山坡上庄稼没法生长。

5 hired   

v.聘用( hire的过去式和过去分词 )；录用；雇用；租用

参考例句：

• They hired a boat and went for a row down the river. 他们租了条小船，划向河的下游。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• These girls never hired out to do servants' work. 这些姑娘从不受雇去做佣人的工作。 来自《简明英汉词典》