2013年12月英语四级语法要点解析(2)

 　　不定式

　　1. 某些动词后要接不定式

　　某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有agree, afford, arrange¹, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate², hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect³, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend⁴, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish等。

　　What do you plan to do tomorrow?

　　She hated to move from such a nice village.

　　In class teachers should try to get feedback⁵ from their students

　　2. 不定式的被动式

　　不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。

　　The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently⁶.

　　She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.

　　3. 不定式的完成式

　　当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

　　She seemed to have heard about the news already.

　　He was believed to have been a very rich man.

　　4. 不定式的完成被动式

　　当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

　　The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.

　　It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference⁷ books.

　　5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语

　　不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格(或名词) +不定式”。 带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

　　It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.

　　I think it better for you to see the doctor.

　　What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

　　I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.

　　6. 带疑问词的不定式短语

　　不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which,或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

　　How to improve English is often discussed among the students.

　　We haven’t decided⁸ when to visit the place.

　　The most difficult thing in learning⁹ English is how to speak the language well.

　　You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.

　　7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch等。

　　Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.

　　I often hear them sing this song.

1 arrange   

vt.安排，整理，计划，改编(乐曲)；vi.协商，计划

参考例句：

• He began to arrange the flowers in the vase.他开始把花瓶内的花摆好。
• We must arrange about that.这事我们得安排一下。

2 hesitate   

vi.犹豫，迟疑，踌躇，支吾

参考例句：

• If you hesitate too long,you will miss the opportunity.如果你老是犹豫不决，那就会错失良机。
• If you get in trouble,don't hesitate to ask for advice.如果碰到麻烦，要赶紧向人求教。

3 neglect   

vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽；n.疏忽，玩忽

参考例句：

• Don't neglect to lock the door when you leave.你离开时别忘了锁门。
• Today's housing problems are the product of years of neglect.今天的住房困难是多年来忽视的结果。

4 pretend   

vt.假装，假托，装扮；vi.假装，装作

参考例句：

• So you don't need to pretend,do you?所以你不必装假了，对吧？
• Many people pretend that they understand modern art.许多人装着自己懂得现代艺术。

5 feedback   

n.回授，反馈，反应

参考例句：

• I was getting great feedback from my boss.老板对我的评价很高。
• You need feedback to monitor progress.你需要利用反馈信息来监控进展。

6 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

7 reference   

n.提到，说到，暗示，查看，查阅

参考例句：

• We spent days going through all related reference material.我们花了好多天功夫查阅所有有关的参考资料。
• I like to have my reference books within my reach.我喜欢把参考书放到伸手可取的地方。

8 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

9 learning   

n.学问，学识，学习；动词learn的现在分词

参考例句：

• When you are learning to ride a bicycle,you often fall off.初学骑自行车时，常会从车上掉下来。
• Learning languages isn't just a matter of remembering words.学习语言不仅仅是记些单词的事。