2013年12月英语四级语法要点解析(5)

 　　被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

　　She hated to be flattered.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　This is bound to be found out.

　　There are a lot of things to be done.

　　She was too young to be assigned such work.

　　功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).

　　a. To scold her would not be just.

　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

　　d. Do you have anything to declare?

　　e. We have come to learn from you.

　　不带to 的不定式:

　　在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.

　　John made her tell him everything.

　　这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.

　　She was made to tell him everything.

　　在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.

　　I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

　　They cannot but accept his term.

　　在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.

　　John let fly a torrent¹ of abuse at me.

　　I've heard tell of him.

　　在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.

　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

　　在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.

　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

　　There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

　　连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.

　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

　　出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.

　　He decided² to write rather than telephone.

　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery³ rather than to increase wages.

　　用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

　　All you do now is complete the form

　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

1 torrent   

n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发

参考例句：

• The torrent scoured a channel down the hillside. 急流沿着山坡冲出了一条沟。
• Her pent-up anger was released in a torrent of words.她压抑的愤怒以滔滔不绝的话爆发了出来。

2 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

3 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。