四级考试语法之长难句

 　　四级语法之长难句

　　阅读理解长难句分析是让很多考生很头疼的部分，我们准确定位之后，由于和问题相关的句子长、难，造成最终理解错误而选错答案，这非常可惜，连前面定位的时间都浪费了。能否快速有效的抓住定位句子的主干大意和次要细节实际已经成为阅读分数高低的一个关键问题。

　　(一)长难句到底难在哪里?

　　1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多;

　　2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断;

　　3)代词的指代关系复杂;

　　4)并列成分多;

　　5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;

　　6)习惯搭配。

　　注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是组合成复杂的结构。

　　(二)长难句的破解的几个基本要点

　　·把握规律

　　·充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。

　　·破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。

　　(三)长难句解决的具体步骤

　　1、抓主干

　　2、理顺主从句子关系。

　　(四)分析句子成分的详细过程

　　1)找出全句主谓宾或主系表，即句子的主干;

　　2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;

　　3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词，短语和从句之间的关系;

　　4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分

　　(五)历年真题分析

　　1. This has been due, in part, to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has invested $1.8 billion in American high schools, helping¹ to open about 1,000 small schools-most of them with about 400 kids each, with an average enrollment² of only 150 per grade. (1206. 阅读)

　　【译文】从某种意义上说，这要归功于比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会向美国高中投资18亿美元，以帮助创办1000所小型学校，其中大部分学校仅收400名学生，每个年级平均只招收150人。

　　【分析】主句This has been due, in part to the Bill...Foundation, in part作插入语，插在了短语due to中间。紧跟主句的是which引导的非限制性定语从句which has invested...schools。helping to open 1000 small schools为现在分词引导目的状语，且破折号后是对前句的进一步解释说明，most of them后带有两个with伴随状语。

　　2. And most noticeable of all, there is the phenomenon of large urban and suburban³ high schools that have split up into smaller units of a few hundred, generally housed in the same grounds that once boasted thousands of students all marching to the same band. (1206. 阅读)

　　【译文】最引人注意的是这种现象：较大的城市和郊区高中已经分成几百个更小型的学校。这些学校通常位于统一场地，一度有上千名学生同时去往同一个乐队。

　　【分析】复合句。主句there is the phenomenon of...schools that have split into...hundred作high schools的定语从句，housed in the same grounds为过去分词作定语，最后the same grounds后也有that引导的定语从句修饰。

　　3. We are all seeking the same thing, which is schools that better serve our children and our nation by encouraging students to tackle tough subjects under the guidance of gifted teachers. (1206. 阅读)

　　【译文】我们都有着同样的追求，那就是学校通过鼓励学生在资质优秀的教师的指导下解决难题，更好地为我们的孩子和国家服务。

　　【分析】主句We are all seeking the same thing, 紧随其后的是which引导的非限制性定语从句which is schools that better serve our children and our nation by encouraging students to tackle tough subjects..., 具体来看，非限制性定语从句中，主句which is schools that better serve...为定语从句修饰schools，by encouraging...为介词短语作方式状语。

　　4. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need. (0912 阅读)

　　【译文】鲍姆认为，哈密顿和其他人最近所做的决定可能就是“一种迹象表明人们开始意识到存在着一种破坏性竞争”。鲍姆是最近一项大学调查报告的组织者之一，这项报告引发了人们对非基于需要的制度性经济援助的关注。

　　【分析】主干是Baum says+宾语从句，也就是Baum说话的内容。宾语从句的主句是Recent decisions may be "a sign that are starting to realize that there is this destructive competition...", 引号内包含两个从句，that引导定语从句修饰a sign, realize后是that引导的宾语从句。最后，co-author of a recent College Report作Baum的同位语，that raises concerns about...是College Report的定语从句。

　　5. “No one can take one-sided action,” says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption⁴ from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly⁵ reduce merit aid. (0912 阅读)

　　【译文】"任何人都不能采取单方面的行动。"莱尔德说，他正在研究是否有必要寻求获得联邦反托拉斯法的豁免权，这样一来，其成员大学就可以探讨如何共同削减奖学金支出。

　　【分析】主句Laird says且倒装，引号内是说话的内容，作宾语从句且置于句首。主句后，who is exploring whether to...作定语从句，whether to...作exploring的宾语，而最后so member colleges can discuss how they could reduce merit aid是exploring动作的结果，discuss后是how引导的宾语从句。

　　6. A complicating⁶ factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. (0912 阅读)

　　【译文】一个复杂因素就是，奖学金深受不符合助学金申请条件的中层收入家庭的欢迎，甚至许多家庭都依靠它。

　　【分析】主句A complicating factor is that引导表语从句。表语从句中，主句是merit aid become so popular with middle-income families that many have come to depend on it,包含固定短语so...that+从句，意为“太……以至于……”，句中插入了who引导的定语从句。

　　7. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media , peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed or contrary to our fundamental values.(0906阅读)

　　【译文】当我们开始质疑我们的假设，并且怀疑我们从过去的经历、媒体、同辈、家人及朋友那里学到的东西的时候，我们就会开始意识到我们的独断决定是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。

　　【分析】when引导的是时间状语从句，question(质疑);challenge的宾语从句;这个句子就是一个when引导的时间状语从句，又分别在主从句当中各嵌入了一个宾语从句。

　　8. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation⁷ of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem⁸, to the health of the Earth and human well-being⁹. (0906阅读)

　　【译文】人们对物种及其栖息地正加速丧失表示担忧，与此同时，人们一直越来越意识到生物多样性--即在一个特定生态系统中物种的总数--对于地球乃至我们人类健康的重要意义。

　　【分析】这个句子有三点需要搞清楚。首先，这个句子是一个倒装结构;句子真正的主语是appreciation，其次，要弄清楚to the health....中的to是与哪个词构成逻辑语义联系。它是与前面的名词importance 构成呼应，即the importance of .... to the health..., 即“对...健康的重要意义。”最后，要知道the number of species in a particular ecosystem 的作用是充当同位语，解释biological diversity这个概念。

1 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

2 enrollment   

n.注册或登记的人数；登记

参考例句：

• You will be given a reading list at enrollment.注册时你会收到一份阅读书目。
• I just got the enrollment notice from Fudan University.我刚刚接到复旦大学的入学通知书。

3 suburban   

adj.城郊的，在郊区的

参考例句：

• Suburban shopping centers were springing up all over America. 效区的商业中心在美国如雨后春笋般地兴起。
• There's a lot of good things about suburban living.郊区生活是有许多优点。

4 exemption   

n.豁免，免税额，免除

参考例句：

• You may be able to apply for exemption from local taxes.你可能符合资格申请免除地方税。
• These goods are subject to exemption from tax.这些货物可以免税。

5 jointly   

ad.联合地，共同地

参考例句：

• Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
• She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。

6 complicating   

使复杂化( complicate的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• High spiking fever with chills is suggestive of a complicating pylephlebitis. 伴有寒战的高热，暗示合并门静脉炎。
• In America these actions become executive puberty rites, complicating relationships that are already complicated enough. 在美国，这些行动成了行政青春期的惯例，使本来已经够复杂的关系变得更复杂了。

7 appreciation   

n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨

参考例句：

• I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
• I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。

8 ecosystem   

n.生态系统

参考例句：

• This destroyed the ecosystem of the island.这样破坏了岛上的生态系统。
• We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益。

9 well-being   

n.安康，安乐，幸福

参考例句：

• He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。
• My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福，却被误解为多管闲事。