新托福写作用词地道之名词化

 新托福考试作为国外类考试，其写作部分的用词地道的重要性毋庸置疑。然而，由于历史、地理和社会的原因，英民族更注重抽象思维，他们擅长用抽象的概念来表达具体的事物。他们认为通过名词化可以产生大量抽象概念，满足英语表达抽象概念的需要。因此，擅用名词化不仅体现了写作水平，更是一种思维方式。曾经一个针对中国几所顶尖大学的优秀作文的调查显示，20 篇优秀作文中名词化的使用频率为7%-8%，而普通习作的使用频率仅为5%-6%。与此同时，选用了20 篇英语国家学生的英语作文，同样的方法统计出其名词化的使用频率为10%-15%。有人更是戏说道，老外眼中句子分为3个档次，最差的是主动句，较好的是被动句，倒装句等，最好的nominalization（名词化）的句子，这样的句子最学术最适合写论文。那么面对这样的差异，我们需要重新审视我们写作中的思维方式，做到如何恰到好处又不“画蛇添足”。

简单说，名词化即是动词或形容词被用作名词的现象。比如动词转成名词：discovery->discovery， move->movement， refuse->refusal，又比如形容词转成名词：careless->carelessness， difficult->difficulty， intense->intensity。那么什么情况下，我们需要进行名词化呢？

A 谓语动词的宾语部分

原句：I do not know either what she meant or what he intends.

名词化：I do not know either her meaning or his intentions.

B 结合被动形式

原句：If people decide without enough persuasive¹ information，...

名词化：If a decision is made without enough persuasive information，...

C 取代诸如从句中“the fact that”的用法

原句：The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury.

名词化：My denial of his accusations² impressed the jury.

更好的名词化：a. When I denied his accusations， I impressed the jury.

b. In denying his accusations， I impressed the jury.

D 名词化部分用在there is/are的后面

原句：We demand that the government stop taxing entertainment.

名词化：There is a demand for an end to taxation³ on entertainment.

原句：The floods considerably⁴ eroded⁵ the land.

名词化：There was considerable erosion of the land from the floods.

然而，有些时候，在我们的思维方式中认为理所应当使用“名词化”时，老外认为是没有必要的。比如：

A 名词化部分跟在动词后面

原句（名词化“冗余”）：The police conducted an investigation⁶ into the matter.

改后：The police investigated the matter.

B 名词化部分作为主语

原句：Our discussion is concerned with a tax cut.

改后：We discussed a tax cut.

C 连续进行名词化

原句：a. First， she reviewed the evolution of the dorsal⁷ fin⁸.

b. There was a first a review of the evolution of the dorsal fin.

改后：First， she reviewed how the dorsal fin evolved.

D 连接部分名词化

原句：Their cessation of hostilities⁹ was because of their personnel losses.

改后：They ceased hostilities because they lost personnel.

原句：The instability of the motor housing did not preclude¹⁰ the completion of the field trials.

改后：Even though the motor housing was unstable¹¹， the research staff completed the field trials.

以上这些情况是我们中国学生很常见的名词化缺失或名词化滥用的例子。对于新托福写作来说，在保证基本的语言语法不出错的基础上，如果能更多地正确使用名词化，文章不但更地道，也更易取得高分。当然，熟练掌握名词化不是一蹴而就的事情，平时需要多积累，多运用。

1 persuasive   

adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的

参考例句：

• His arguments in favour of a new school are very persuasive.他赞成办一座新学校的理由很有说服力。
• The evidence was not really persuasive enough.证据并不是太有说服力。

2 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。

3 taxation   

n.征税，税收，税金

参考例句：

• He made a number of simplifications in the taxation system.他在税制上作了一些简化。
• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。

4 considerably   

adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上

参考例句：

• The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
• The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。

5 eroded   

adj. 被侵蚀的，有蚀痕的 动词erode的过去式和过去分词形式

参考例句：

• The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. 峭壁表面逐渐被海水侵蚀。
• The stream eroded a channel in the solid rock. 小溪在硬石中侵蚀成一条水道。

6 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

7 dorsal   

adj.背部的，背脊的

参考例句：

• His dorsal fin was down and his huge pectorals were spread wide.它的脊鳍朝下耷拉着，巨大的胸鳍大张着。
• The shark's dorsal fin was cut off by the fisherman.鲨鱼的背鳍被渔夫割了下来。

8 fin   

n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼

参考例句：

• They swim using a small fin on their back.它们用背上的小鳍游动。
• The aircraft has a long tail fin.那架飞机有一个长长的尾翼。

9 hostilities   

n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事

参考例句：

• Mexico called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. 墨西哥要求立即停止敌对行动。
• All the old hostilities resurfaced when they met again. 他们再次碰面时，过去的种种敌意又都冒了出来。

10 preclude   

vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍

参考例句：

• We try to preclude any possibility of misunderstanding.我们努力排除任何误解的可能性。
• My present finances preclude the possibility of buying a car.按我目前的财务状况我是不可能买车的。

11 unstable   

adj.不稳定的，易变的

参考例句：

• This bookcase is too unstable to hold so many books.这书橱很不结实，装不了这么多书。
• The patient's condition was unstable.那患者的病情不稳定。