虚拟语气的用法

 虚拟语气的用法

虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面分别介绍虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法。

1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句

注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would可用于任何人称,同时也可根据意思用情态动词could, might等代替should, would。

1)表示与现在事实相反:

If I were you, I should stay at home.

If the peasants¹ could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher.

If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation².

2)表示与过去事实相反:

If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.

If the hurricane³ had happened during the daytime, there would have been many deaths.

3)表示与将来事实相反:If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.

If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如:If you had followed the doctor's advice, you would be quite all right now. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)

5)以上句型可以转换成下列形式:①从句省略if,用倒装句式"were, had, should+主语"。例如:Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.②用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.

2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句

1)"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不该……"、"但愿……"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或"(could)would + have + 过去分词"。例如:

I wish we could go to the seaside today.

I wish you told me earlier.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

2)虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose⁴, request, require, suggest 等后面的宾语从句中,用"(should)+动词原形"。例如:

I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people.

注意:insist作"力言"、"强调"解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作"坚持(应该)"解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如:

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

I insisted that you give me my money back.

3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句做advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal⁵, suggestion, request 等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构"(should)+动词原形"。例如:

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.

My idea is that he (should) do exercises first.

4.虚拟语气用于以as if(as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句

如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用"had+过去分词";表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用"would(might, could )+动词原形"。例如:

He looked at me as if I were mad.

He speaks English so fluently⁶ as if he had studied English in England.

It looks as if it might rain.

但as if(as though)后的从句也常用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如:

It looks as if our side is going to win.

5.虚拟语气用于主语从句

在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:

It is necessary (important, natural, desirable⁷, advisable⁸, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day.

It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.

It will be desired (suggested, decided⁹, ordered, requested, proposed¹⁰, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。

注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:

It is strange that he did not come yesterday.

It is a pity that you can't swim.

1 peasants   

农民(复数)

参考例句：

• the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 1381年的农民起义
• They advised the peasants on how to use the machine. 他们指导农民如何使用这台机器。

2 starvation   

n.饥饿，饿死

参考例句：

• Disease often follows on starvation because the body is weakened.疾病的产生往往是由于饥饿的缘故，因为身体很虚弱。
• The animals had died of starvation.动物因饥饿而死亡。

3 hurricane   

n.飓风，暴风，暴风雨

参考例句：

• The hurricane destroyed the whole village.飓风把整个村子都毁掉了。
• A hurricane struck the city.飓风袭击了该城市。

4 propose   

v.提出，建议；提名，推荐

参考例句：

• Did he propose marriage to you?他向你求婚了吗？
• I propose resting for an hour.我建议休息一小时。

5 proposal   

n.提议，建议；求婚

参考例句：

• I feel that we ought to accept his proposal.我觉得我们应该接受他的建议。
• They could not gain over anyone to support their proposal.他们无法争取到支持他们建议的人。

6 fluently   

adv.流利地，流畅地

参考例句：

• He speaks English very fluently.他说英语说得很流利。
• He could speak English as fluently as an Englishman.他说英语和英国人一样流利。

7 desirable   

adj.值得拥有的；可取的，有利的

参考例句：

• Some reasonable adjustments seem desirable.某些合理的调整似乎是可取的。
• Prolonged negotiation was not desirable.拖长了的谈判并不是大家所想要的。

8 advisable   

adj.可取的，适当的，明智的

参考例句：

• It was advisable for you not to mention that.你不提及那件事是明智的。
• I do not think it advisable to park our car here.我认为将我们的小汽车停放在此处是不妥当的。

9 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

10 proposed   

被提议的

参考例句：

• There is widespread discontent among the staff at the proposed changes to pay and conditions. 员工对改变工资和工作环境的建议普遍不满。
• an outcry over the proposed change 对拟议的改革所发出的强烈抗议