世界上最著名的可以酿酒的八种葡萄

 　　'I KNOW NOTHING about wine--where do I start?' is perhaps the most frequent question I am asked. An obvious starting point is with grape varieties, which each have their own distinctive¹ character and flavor.

　　“我对葡萄酒一无所知──我该从哪儿开始？”这可能是我最常被问到的问题。一般来说，可以从了解葡萄品种开始，每个葡萄品种都有自己与众不同的特征和味道。

　　There are more than 5,000 varieties of wine grapes planted in the world. Luckily, for those new to the subject, only 100 or so have enough appeal to be deemed commercially viable². Luckier still, it's a relatively³ small number that have found international recognition.

　　世界上种植着超过5,000种酿酒葡萄。幸运的是，对于葡萄酒新手而言，只有100种左右被认为有足够的商业吸引力。还很幸运的是，受到国际认可的品种也相对较少。

　　世界上最著名的可以酿酒的八种葡萄

　　These used to be referred to as the Noble Grape Varieties, a term coined by the British wine trade to describe the classic grapes of Europe (though it's no longer used in professional wine exams). Nicholas King, research and development manager at the Wine & Spirits Education Trust, says it drifted out of use in about 2003. After using 'common' or 'international,' the educational body has now settled on the term 'principal' grape varieties.

　　Jean-Manuel Duvivier这些品种曾被称为“贵族葡萄品种”(Noble Grape Varieties)，英国葡萄酒行业用这个词形容欧洲的经典葡萄品种（尽管在专业葡萄酒考试中已不再用这个词）。葡萄酒与烈酒基金会(Wine & Spirits Education Trust)的研发经理尼古拉斯·金(Nicholas King)称，此称呼在2003年左右退出使用。在使用过“常见”和“国际”后，这家教育机构现在将其定名为“主要”葡萄品种。

　　Whatever the term, it refers to the eight classic varieties--Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Syrah, Grenache and Riesling--whose flavor and character have led to them being exported around the world. Their success has, in many ways, been detrimental⁴ to their reputation: the level of planting being such that quality has inevitably⁵ been diluted⁶.

　　不管使用什么名字，它指的都是八个经典葡萄品种──霞多丽(Chardonnay)、黑皮诺(Pinot Noir)、赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、梅乐(Merlot)、长相思(Sauvignon Blanc)、西拉(Syrah)、歌海娜(Grenache)和雷司令(Riesling)──它们的味道和特征使它们出口到全世界。从许多方面看，它们的成功都对其声名有损：种植水平相当参差不齐，以至于质量也不可避免地下降。

　　Wherever you are on the wine journey, whether a connoisseur⁷ or a novice⁸, an understanding and appreciation⁹ of these varieties will benefit you enormously.

　　不管你对葡萄酒了解多少，是行家还是菜鸟，了解和鉴别这些品种都将使你获益良多。

　　I rather like the old term for them as, in their finest form, these grapes are capable of producing wines that are among the very best in the world. Here's my guide to what every wine drinker should know.

　　我更喜欢它们的旧名，因为最优质的葡萄才能酿造出世界上最好的葡萄酒。以下是我认为每位葡萄酒品尝者都应该知道的常识。

　　Cabernet Sauvignon

　　赤霞珠

　　Principally associated with the red wines of the M钼doc in Bordeaux, this variety has been planted all over the world. A late ripener, its small red berries produce wines that when young have a concentrated, dark color and taste predominantly of blackcurrant. Young Cabernet can also have a spicy¹⁰, herby character and a lot of tannin. With age (and the very best will be long lasting), they develop secondary notes of cedar¹¹. Often blended with other varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon is also grown in Australia, Chile, South Africa and California, where it is very successful.

　　这个品种主要与波尔多(Bordeaux) 梅多克(Medoc)地区的红葡萄酒有关，世界各地均有种植。它是一种晚熟品种，小红浆果酿造出的葡萄酒在年份浅时色泽浓深，尝起来主要是黑醋栗味。年份浅的赤霞珠也可能有辛辣草香味道，富有大量单宁。随着年份渐深（最好的赤霞珠是年份深的陈酒），它们呈现出第二香调──雪松香。赤霞珠通常与其他品种混合种植，也成功生长在澳大利亚、智利、南非和加利福尼亚州。

　　Drinking Now // 1996 Ch?teau Lynch Bages, EUR120; and 2011 Los Vascos Cabernet Sauvignon, EUR12

　　现在品尝//1996年靓茨伯酒庄(Chateau Lynch Bages)产赤霞珠，120欧元；2011年巴斯克酒庄(Los Vascos)产赤霞珠，12欧元

　　Chardonnay

　　霞多丽

　　Due to the fact that it can be grown successfully almost anywhere, this white grape variety from Burgundy is a global superstar. It can be all things to all men, from rich, buttery and nutty in Burgundy to taut¹², clean, crisp and dry (most notably¹³ in Chablis); sparkling where it is part of the Champagne¹⁴ blend; and ripe with a nose of exotic fruits in warmer regions. Sublime¹⁵ in Burgundy, Chardonnay is also successful in Australia, California, New Zealand and Italy.

　　由于它几乎可以在任何地方成功生长，这种来自勃艮第(Burgundy)的白葡萄是全球葡萄品种中的超级明星。它的口感多样，适合所有人，从勃艮第的醇厚、黄油和坚果风味到紧致、 透、干爽和清淡风味（夏布利酒(Chablis)最为明显）不一而足；与香槟混酿时它泡沫丰富，成熟时带有温暖地区异域水果的香气。最好的霞多丽产自勃艮第，它在澳大利亚、加利福尼亚洲、新西兰和意大利也可以成功生长。

　　Drinking Now // 2011 Au Bon Climat Los Alamos Chardonnay, EUR24; and 2008 Joseph Drouhin Puligny-Montrachet 1er Cru, EUR60

　　现在品尝//2011年奥邦洛斯阿拉莫斯酒庄(Au Bon Climat Los Alamos Chardonnay)产霞多丽，24欧元；2008年约瑟夫杜鲁安皮里尼-蒙哈谢一级酒庄(Joseph Drouhin Puligny-Montrachet 1er Cru)产霞多丽，60欧元

　　Grenache

　　歌海娜

　　Powerful, low in acidity¹⁶, high in alcohol, this hearty¹⁷ red-wine grape is the staple¹⁸ for Ch?teauneuf-du-Pape, where it finds its greatest expression. Extensively planted, it is believed to have originated in Spain before being introduced to the Rh?ne valley, where it produces rich, fruity wines. Often blended with Syrah and Mourv dre, you will also find Grenache in Australia, California, Spain, and throughout the Mediterranean¹⁹ basin.

　　这种劲大、低酸度、高酒精度的美味红酒葡萄是教皇新堡(Chateauneuf-du-Pape)的主要原料，它的特征在这里发挥得淋漓尽致。这种广泛种植的葡萄被认为原产于西班牙，之后它被引入罗讷河谷(Rhone valley)，在那里酿造出浓醇的果味葡萄酒。歌海娜经常与西拉和慕维德(Mourvedre)混酿，它也生长于澳大利亚、加利福尼亚洲、西班牙和整个地中海盆地。

　　Drinking Now // 2009 Ch?teau Mont Redon Ch?teauneuf-du-Pape, EUR18; and 2008 Domaine de la Mordor钼e Lirac La Reine des Bois, EUR25

　　现在品尝//2009年夕铎酒庄(Chateau Mont Redon)产教皇新堡，18欧元；2008年份蒙多利酒庄(Domaine de la Mordoree) 利哈克(Lirac)产区产森林女王(La Reine des Bois)，25欧元

　　Merlot

　　梅乐

　　Soft, supple²⁰ and fruity, Merlot is the yin to Cabernet Sauvignon's yang. Mainly grown on the Right Bank of Bordeaux, it is the principal variety of Pomerol and is often blended with Cabernet. It produces red wines that are packed full of fruit notes such as blackcurrant and plums--wines that can be high in alcohol but, due to their soft tannins, can be drunk young. Outside of France, it is grown in northern Italy, California, Washington state and Chile.

　　梅乐的口感绵软、柔和、带有果香，如果赤霞珠是阳，它就是阴。梅乐主要生长在波尔多右岸(Right Bank)，是波美侯(Pomerol)的主要品种，通常与赤霞珠混酿。它酿造出的红葡萄酒充满水果香调，例如黑醋栗和李子──这种葡萄酒的酒精度可能很高，但由于含绵软的单宁，可以在年份较浅时喝。除了法国，它还生长在意大利北部、加利福尼亚州、华盛顿州和智利。

　　Drinking Now // 1999 Ch?teau Saint-Poly, EUR27; and 2010 Meerlust Merlot, EUR24

　　现在品尝//1999年 波丽酒庄(Chateau Saint-Poly)产梅乐，27欧元；2010年美蕾酒庄(Meerlust)产梅乐，24欧元

　　Pinot Noir

　　黑皮诺

　　Delicate, early-ripening and, with thin skins, difficult to grow, Pinot Noir grapes find their natural home in France's Burgundy region. Here, the variety produces texturally²¹ light red wines that have aromas²² of raspberry, cherry, violets and sometimes game. It is also successfully grown in cooler regions such as Oregon, Germany, parts of Australia, California and New Zealand, where it achieves greatness. As well as producing red wines (for which it is rarely blended), it is also grown in Champagne and blended with Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier.

　　黑皮诺葡萄娇嫩、早熟、皮薄、很难种植，它的天然家乡在法国的勃艮第地区。在这里，黑皮诺酿造出质地轻盈，带有覆盆子、樱桃、紫罗兰（有时还有野味）香气的红酒。它在俄勒冈州、德国、澳大利亚的部分地区、加利福尼亚州和新西兰等较凉爽的地区也可以成功生长。它不但可以用来酿造红葡萄酒（此时很少混酿），还生长在香槟地区，与霞多丽和莫尼耶皮诺(Pinot Meunier)混酿。

　　Drinking Now // 2008 Bruno Clair Marsannay Les Vaudenelles, EUR18; and 2009 Marimar Estate Pinot Noir, EUR26

　　现在品尝//2008年布鲁诺克莱尔酒庄(Bruno Clair)马沙内(Marsannay) 产区坡顶产黑皮诺，18欧元；2009年玛尔玛酒庄(Marimar Estate)产黑皮诺，26欧元

　　Riesling

　　雷司令

　　This ancient variety from Germany is particularly popular with oenophiles. In Germany it produces wines that are crisp, light and fruity. Their nose can range from pungent²³ perfume to flowers, limes, lemons and, with age, petrol. Their charm is the way they can marry acidity with either dryness or sweetness on the palate. The very best are always refreshing²⁴. Riesling is also grown in Alsace, Australia, Oregon and California.

　　雷司令这个来自德国的古老品种特别受到品酒行家好评。在德国，它酿造出爽口、清淡、带有果香的葡萄酒。它的香气从刺鼻香水到鲜花、酸橙和柠檬香不一而足，年份深时为汽油香。它的魅力在于能将酸度和清单或甘甜的口感完美搭配。最好的雷司令总是口味清爽的。雷司令也生长在阿尔萨斯(Alsace)、澳大利亚、俄勒冈州和加利福尼亚州。

　　Drinking Now // 2012 Weingut Thorle Riesling Kalkstein, EUR24; and 2011 Concha y Toro Corte Ignacio Casablanca Riesling, EUR10

　　现在品尝//2012年托勒酒庄(Weingut Thorle)石灰岩土壤产雷司令，24欧元；2011年份干露酒庄(Concha y Toro) 产科尔特-伊格纳西奥(Corte Ignacio) 卡萨布兰卡谷(Casablanca)雷司令，10欧元

　　Sauvignon Blanc

　　长相思

　　Refreshing, grassy²⁵, aromatic²⁶, scintillating²⁷, light, direct--there are myriad²⁸ descriptors suitable for this white grape variety. Now widely planted, it was originally grown in Bordeaux and the Loire, where it produces a crisp, dry style. Today it is best known for its new spiritual home in New Zealand, where it overflows²⁹ with ripe, tropical characteristics such as gooseberry, pineapple and green pepper.

　　清爽、草香、芬芳、起泡、轻盈、直白──无数形容词都适合这种白葡萄。原产于波尔多和卢瓦尔河(Loire)流域的它现在种植广泛，可以酿造出干爽清淡型葡萄酒。如今，它最为人熟知的新精神家园在新西兰，它在那里充分散发出成熟的热带特征，例如醋栗、菠萝和青椒香气。

　　Drinking Now // 2011 Lucien Crochet³⁰ Sancerre, EUR15; and 2013 Cloudy Bay Sauvignon Blanc, EUR32

　　现在品尝//2011年吕西安克罗谢酒庄(Lucien Crochet)桑塞尔产区(Sancerre)产长相思，15欧元；2013年云雾之湾(Cloudy Bay)产长相思，32欧元

　　Syrah or Shiraz

　　西拉或设拉子(Shiraz)

　　In France, Syrah produces a dark, brooding red wine, packed full of tannin, that smells overwhelmingly of pepper and can age beautifully. In the northern Rh?ne it is found in such famous appellations³¹ as Hermitage and C?te-R?tie. In Australia, where it is known as Shiraz, it produces an altogether different wine, replacing its savory³² northern Rh?ne notes with dark fruit, chocolate and licorice. Widely planted around the world, this variety produces big, bold red wines that are best drunk with red meat.

　　在法国，西拉酿造出黯深、沉郁的红葡萄酒，充满单宁香气，闻起来有冲鼻的胡椒味，年份越深越漂亮。在罗讷河(Rhone)北部，它见于埃米塔日(Hermitage)和罗帝丘(Cote-Rotie) 等著名产区。在澳大利亚（它在那里被称为设拉子），它酿造出一种完全不同的葡萄酒，黑色水果、巧克力和甘草的香气代替了美味的罗讷河北部香调。这个品种广泛种植于全世界，酿造出香醇浓烈的葡萄酒，饮用时最好与红肉搭配。

　　Drinking Now // 2010 Andr钼 Perret St. Joseph, EUR27; and 2009 Torbreck Woodcutter's Shiraz, EUR25

　　现在品尝//2010年安爵佩雷酒庄(Andre Perret)产 约瑟(St. Joseph)，27欧元；2009年托布雷酒庄(Torbreck)产伐木工设拉子(Woodcutter's Shiraz)，25欧元

1 distinctive   

adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的

参考例句：

• She has a very distinctive way of walking.她走路的样子与别人很不相同。
• This bird has several distinctive features.这个鸟具有几种突出的特征。

2 viable   

adj.可行的，切实可行的，能活下去的

参考例句：

• The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
• The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。

3 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

4 detrimental   

adj.损害的，造成伤害的

参考例句：

• We know that heat treatment is detrimental to milk.我们知道加热对牛奶是不利的。
• He wouldn't accept that smoking was detrimental to health.他不相信吸烟有害健康。

5 inevitably   

adv.不可避免地；必然发生地

参考例句：

• In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你们这样下去，毫无疑问是会散伙的。
• Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。

6 diluted   

无力的，冲淡的

参考例句：

• The paint can be diluted with water to make a lighter shade. 这颜料可用水稀释以使色度淡一些。
• This pesticide is diluted with water and applied directly to the fields. 这种杀虫剂用水稀释后直接施用在田里。

7 connoisseur   

n.鉴赏家，行家，内行

参考例句：

• Only the real connoisseur could tell the difference between these two wines.只有真正的内行才能指出这两种酒的区别。
• We are looking for a connoisseur of French champagne.我们想找一位法国香槟酒品酒专家。

8 novice   

adj.新手的，生手的

参考例句：

• As a novice writer,this is something I'm interested in.作为初涉写作的人，我对此很感兴趣。
• She realized that she was a novice.她知道自己初出茅庐。

9 appreciation   

n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨

参考例句：

• I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
• I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。

10 spicy   

adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的

参考例句：

• The soup tasted mildly spicy.汤尝起来略有点辣。
• Very spicy food doesn't suit her stomach.太辣的东西她吃了胃不舒服。

11 cedar   

n.雪松，香柏(木)

参考例句：

• The cedar was about five feet high and very shapely.那棵雪松约有五尺高,风姿优美。
• She struck the snow from the branches of an old cedar with gray lichen.她把长有灰色地衣的老雪松树枝上的雪打了下来。

12 taut   

adj.拉紧的，绷紧的，紧张的

参考例句：

• The bowstring is stretched taut.弓弦绷得很紧。
• Scarlett's taut nerves almost cracked as a sudden noise sounded in the underbrush near them. 思嘉紧张的神经几乎一下绷裂了，因为她听见附近灌木丛中突然冒出的一个声音。

13 notably   

adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地

参考例句：

• Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。
• A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小，一头银发，每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。

14 champagne   

n.香槟酒；微黄色

参考例句：

• There were two glasses of champagne on the tray.托盘里有两杯香槟酒。
• They sat there swilling champagne.他们坐在那里大喝香槟酒。

15 sublime   

adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的

参考例句：

• We should take some time to enjoy the sublime beauty of nature.我们应该花些时间去欣赏大自然的壮丽景象。
• Olympic games play as an important arena to exhibit the sublime idea.奥运会，就是展示此崇高理念的重要舞台。

16 acidity   

n.酸度，酸性

参考例句：

• This plant prefers alkaline soil,though it will readily tolerate some acidity.这种植物在酸性土壤中也能生存，但硷性土壤更加适宜。
• Gastric acidity would not prevent the organism from passing into the gut.胃的酸度不能防止细菌进入肠道。

17 hearty   

adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的

参考例句：

• After work they made a hearty meal in the worker's canteen.工作完了，他们在工人食堂饱餐了一顿。
• We accorded him a hearty welcome.我们给他热忱的欢迎。

18 staple   

n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类

参考例句：

• Tea is the staple crop here.本地产品以茶叶为大宗。
• Potatoes are the staple of their diet.土豆是他们的主要食品。

19 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。

20 supple   

adj.柔软的，易弯的，逢迎的，顺从的，灵活的；vt.使柔软，使柔顺，使顺从；vi.变柔软，变柔顺

参考例句：

• She gets along well with people because of her supple nature.她与大家相处很好，因为她的天性柔和。
• He admired the graceful and supple movements of the dancers.他赞扬了舞蹈演员优雅灵巧的舞姿。

21 texturally   

adj.组织上的，构造上的

参考例句：

• the textural characteristics of the rocks 岩石的纹理特征
• High solid ferments and yeast lees contract to highlight textural qualities. 采用固体发和酵母分离技术提高酒的品质。 来自互联网

22 aromas   

n.芳香( aroma的名词复数 )；气味；风味；韵味

参考例句：

• Intoxicating earth aromas induced lassitude and ethereal calm. 泥土的醉人的芳香叫人懒洋洋的，感到一种远离尘世的宁静。 来自辞典例句
• Nose and elegant nose with attractive fruity, floral and citrus fruit aromas. 芳香：优雅、馥郁、迷人的柑橘属水果的果香及花的清香。 来自互联网

23 pungent   

adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的

参考例句：

• The article is written in a pungent style.文章写得泼辣。
• Its pungent smell can choke terrorists and force them out of their hideouts.它的刺激性气味会令恐怖分子窒息，迫使他们从藏身地点逃脱出来。

24 refreshing   

adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的

参考例句：

• I find it'so refreshing to work with young people in this department.我发现和这一部门的青年一起工作令人精神振奋。
• The water was cold and wonderfully refreshing.水很涼，特别解乏提神。

25 grassy   

adj.盖满草的；长满草的

参考例句：

• They sat and had their lunch on a grassy hillside.他们坐在长满草的山坡上吃午饭。
• Cattle move freely across the grassy plain.牛群自由自在地走过草原。

26 aromatic   

adj.芳香的，有香味的

参考例句：

• It has an agreeable aromatic smell.它有一种好闻的香味。
• It is light,fruity aromatic and a perfect choice for ending a meal.它是口感轻淡，圆润，芳香的，用于结束一顿饭完美的选择。

27 scintillating   

adj．才气横溢的,闪闪发光的; 闪烁的

参考例句：

• Statistics on unemployment levels hardly make for scintillating reading. 失业统计数据读来不大会有趣味。
• You were scintillating on TV last night. 您昨晚在电视上妙语如珠。

28 myriad   

adj.无数的；n.无数，极大数量

参考例句：

• They offered no solution for all our myriad problems.对于我们数不清的问题他们束手无策。
• I had three weeks to make a myriad of arrangements.我花了三个星期做大量准备工作。

29 overflows   

v.溢出，淹没( overflow的第三人称单数 )；充满；挤满了人；扩展出界，过度延伸

参考例句：

• He always fills his glass till it overflows. 他总是把杯子斟得很满。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A distributary overflows its banks. 分流水溢出河岸。 来自辞典例句

30 crochet   

n.钩针织物；v.用钩针编制

参考例句：

• That's a black crochet waistcoat.那是一件用钩针编织的黑色马甲。
• She offered to teach me to crochet rugs.她提出要教我钩织小地毯。

31 appellations   

n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The list of odd appellations goes on, and anything goes-just name it. 像这种奇怪的名字还有许多，但一切还在继续-----学一句流行词，想取就取吧。 来自互联网
• In the present Chinese characters teaching, the radicals' appellations cause much confusion. 目前的识字教学中，部首的名称较混乱。 来自互联网

32 savory   

adj.风味极佳的，可口的，味香的

参考例句：

• She placed a huge dish before him of savory steaming meat.她将一大盘热气腾腾、美味可口的肉放在他面前。
• He doesn't have a very savory reputation.他的名誉不太好。