读莎士比亚可了解病人的心理状态

 　　Doctors should brush up on their Shakespeare to help improve their understanding of how the mind can affect the body, according to an unusual study.

　　作为英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者，莎士比亚倘若仍在世也未曾能预料到自己的作品会对解决病人心理问题起到独特作用。据悉，一项独特的研究表明：心理医生应当重温他们所读过得莎士比亚的所有书籍，这对帮助他们更好地了解人的思想是如何影响其身体的。

　　Dr Kenneth Heaton said many doctors don't realise how many physical symptoms can be caused solely¹ by psychological problems.

　　肯尼思.希顿博士曾经说过，许多医生从未认识到有多少身体的症状仅仅是由心理问题而引发的。

　　But the Bard's works help illustrate² this link because he had such an 'exceptional awareness³ of bodily sensations'.

　　而巴德的作品将有助于阐释人的心理与身体的这种关系，这也是因为他对身体有这种独特的感知力。

　　The former gastroenterologist and expert on 16th-century literature looked for descriptions of sensory⁴ ailments⁵ in all 42 of Shakespeare's major works.

　　约瑟夫（胃肠病学家、十六世纪文学专家），在莎士比亚的42部主要作品中都找到了有关感知性不适的描述。

　　He found dozens of examples when characters experienced psychosomatic symptoms - which was far more than in the writings of his contemporaries.

　　他发现很多有关病人所表现的症状受其精神影响的例子，这远比莎士比亚作品中的描述要多得多。

　　For instance Hamlet is shown suffering from fatigue⁶ as a result of grief, crying out: 'How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world!'

　　例如,哈姆雷特因过于悲伤而常在疲惫中煎熬，他呼喊道：“我生活的世界时多么的萎靡、无趣、沉闷、无用啊！”

　　Meanwhile, coldness is shown to be a symptom of shock, as when Juliet in Romeo and Juliet reveals: 'I have a faint cold fear that thrills through my veins⁷.'

　　书中也阐述了冷酷是受惊后的表现，正如朱丽叶在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中所表露的 ‘一种微弱寒冷的恐惧感透过我的静脉传遍全身。’

　　Shakespeare also describes emotional distress⁸ as blunting or heightening sensitivity to touch and pain.

　　莎士比亚也对悲痛情感进行了描述，有时直言不讳，有时也通过增强对触觉及疼痛的敏感来表达。

　　'Shakespeare's perception that numbness⁹ and enhanced sensation can have a psychological origin seems not to have been shared by his contemporaries, none of whom included such phenomena¹⁰ in the works examined,' Dr Heaton, from Somerset said.

　　‘他认为，麻木与情感的放大可能都受心理影响，而这种心理在同龄人当中可能没有，而在所验讫的作品中也未发现任何人有这种现象，’萨摩赛特的希顿博士写道。

　　The playwright¹¹ also refers to dizziness and vertigo¹² in The Taming of the Shrew, while breathlessness is described in at least 11 instances including in Two Gentlemen of Verona. Disturbed hearing features in King Lear, Richard III and King John.

　　莎士比亚也曾在《驯悍记》中提到头晕和眩晕；有关呼吸困难的描述至少也有十一例，如《维洛那两绅士》所写；还有幻听，在《李尔王》、《理查德三世》、《国王约翰》中亦均有表述。

　　All of these symptoms can confuse doctors as they have no obvious physical cause.

　　在没有任何明显身体疾患时，病人的这些症状会使医生摸不清头脑。

　　Commenting on his study published in Medical Humanities, Dr Heaton said: 'Many doctors are reluctant to attribute physical symptoms to emotional disturbance¹³, and this results in delayed diagnosis¹⁴, over-investigation, and inappropriate treatment.

　　巴德在就其发表在医学人文学的研究成果时说：“许多医生不愿将身体症状与情感因素联系起来，这往往会导致诊断延迟、诊断过重和治疗不当。

　　'They could learn to be better doctors by studying Shakespeare. This is important because the so-called functional¹⁵ symptoms are the leading cause of general practitioner¹⁶ visits and of referrals to specialists.'

　　因此，医生可以通过研究莎士比亚而变得更好。这之所以重要是因为所谓的功能性症状正是导致普通科医生需要到处走访，而专科医生只需坐等转介信的原因。

1 solely   

adv.仅仅，唯一地

参考例句：

• Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
• The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。

2 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

3 awareness   

n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智

参考例句：

• There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
• Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

4 sensory   

adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的

参考例句：

• Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
• The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。

5 ailments   

疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His ailments include a mild heart attack and arthritis. 他患有轻度心脏病和关节炎。
• He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。

6 fatigue   

n.疲劳，劳累

参考例句：

• The old lady can't bear the fatigue of a long journey.这位老妇人不能忍受长途旅行的疲劳。
• I have got over my weakness and fatigue.我已从虚弱和疲劳中恢复过来了。

7 veins   

n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理

参考例句：

• The blood flows from the capillaries back into the veins. 血从毛细血管流回静脉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I felt a pleasant glow in all my veins from the wine. 喝过酒后我浑身的血都热烘烘的，感到很舒服。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 distress   

n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛

参考例句：

• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
• Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。

9 numbness   

n.无感觉，麻木，惊呆

参考例句：

• She was fighting off the numbness of frostbite. 她在竭力摆脱冻僵的感觉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Sometimes they stay dead, causing' only numbness. 有时，它们没有任何反应，只会造成麻木。 来自时文部分

10 phenomena   

n.现象

参考例句：

• Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
• The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。

11 playwright   

n.剧作家，编写剧本的人

参考例句：

• Gwyn Thomas was a famous playwright.格温·托马斯是著名的剧作家。
• The playwright was slaughtered by the press.这位剧作家受到新闻界的无情批判。

12 vertigo   

n.眩晕

参考例句：

• He had a dreadful attack of vertigo.他忽然头晕得厉害。
• If you have vertigo it seems as if the whole room is spinning round you.如果你头晕，就会觉得整个房间都旋转起来

13 disturbance   

n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调

参考例句：

• He is suffering an emotional disturbance.他的情绪受到了困扰。
• You can work in here without any disturbance.在这儿你可不受任何干扰地工作。

14 diagnosis   

n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断

参考例句：

• His symptoms gave no obvious pointer to a possible diagnosis.他的症状无法作出明确的诊断。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做一次彻底的调查分析。

15 functional   

adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的

参考例句：

• The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了，但现在可以用了。
• The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的，只是为了实用。

16 practitioner   

n.实践者，从事者；(医生或律师等)开业者

参考例句：

• He is an unqualified practitioner of law.他是个无资格的律师。
• She was a medical practitioner before she entered politics.从政前她是个开业医生。