实例讲解雅思阅读中的分类题

 　　分类题(Categorizing)

　　§ 在分类题中，一般有三个类别(我们可以称之为甲、乙、丙)以及一些项目，要求是将这些项目分别归入这三个类别之中。在文章中，一般会讲述两种不同的事物，我们姑且称它们为A和B. 类别甲中归入与A类事物有关的项目，类别乙中归入与B类事物有关的项目，而类别丙中归入与A和B都有关的项目。

　　§ 在文章中，作者会对A和B 两类事物进行分别探讨和互相比较，因此我们在阅读时就必须注意作者在谈论和比较A和B 的时候是否提到这些项目，并把这些项目归入到适当的类别中去。一般来说，作者会在不同的段落中讲述A和B 两类事物，不过有时A和B 会在同一段落中被提到，因为作者要把它们作一个详细的比较。

　　T: Desktop¹ publishing

　　3 The first stage in the old method of preparing INFO was the gathering² together of all text, photographs and graphics³ which would make up the bulk of the magazine. The next step was marking the text for the printer---a rather laborious⁴, and occasionally hit-and-miss affair! In essence, this meant judging the approximate length of the articles and choosing appropriate print sizes and styles (fonts). The appropriately marked pages were then sent to the printer for type-setting. The end-product of this type-setting phase is called a galley⁵ and takes the form of continuous columns on long sheets of paper.

　　4 At this stage the fun begins! All the columns of text have to be cut and manually pasted onto sheets of paper marked out in columns, to give the layout for each page of the magazine. If one had misjudged the length of text at the type-setting phase, then screams of agony would mingle⁶ the pervading⁷ smell of glue in the editorial offices as a very stressed editor wrangles⁸ bits of text and photographs. The flexibility⁹ of this old system was very limited, page layout was largely pre-determined and type-setting errors meant long and time-consuming proof-reading, both at the galley stage and at the final page proof stage. An additional problem with the old method is the length of time between the copy date (stage 1) and the publication of the magazine (about six weeks for INFO).

　　5 Desktop publishing made our life a lot easier. Now with our new system, we first type the text of the article on an ordinary word-processing package (MultiMate Advantage II is used but any other package is usable) or we ask our contributors to send us their article on a disk, typed with almost any word processor on an IBM or compatible PC computer. The second stage is to design the page frame, i.e. size, number of columns and margins¹⁰. We then place the text in the page with an easy command called “Autoflow”.

　　6 The third stage is the design of the layout: placing illustrations and choosing the most suitable typeface. At the last stage, we print the articles on the laser printer and pass them on to colleagues to be proof-read. After making all corrections, the files containing our next INFO are copied on to a disk and sent to our printers for publication.

　　Q: Below are headings showing the sages¹¹ involved in printing any document. According to theinformation in the passage:

　　write T if the stage is necessary in traditional printing;write D if the stage is necessary with desktop publishing;write TD if the stage is necessary in both methods.

　　I1 gathering input¹²

　　I2 designing page frame

　　I3 marking text

　　I4 type-setting

　　I5 page design

　　I6 cutting and pasting

　　I7 proof-reading

　　解题：这里选取的是文章的第三到第六段，其中三、四两段谈论traditional printing(T)，而五、六两段探讨desktop publishing(D)。在traditional printing中，首先是the gathering together of all text, photographs and graphics，其次是marking the text for theprinter，再其次then sent to the printer for type-setting，然后是have to be cut and manually pasted onto sheets of paper marked out in columns, to give the layout for each page of the magazine，最后是long and time-consuming proof-reading;而在desktop publishing中，首先是ask our contributors to send us their article on a disk，其次是design the page frame，然后是the design of the layout，最后we print the articles on the laser printer and pass them on to colleagues to be proof-read. 根据这些列出的两种印刷方法的各个步骤，我们可以准确地将上述的项目进行归类：I1 gathering input --- TD;I2 designing page frame --- D;I3 marking text --- T;I4 type-setting --- T;I5 page design --- TD;I6 cutting and pasting --- T;I7 proof-reading --- TD.

 

1 desktop   

n.桌面管理系统程序；台式

参考例句：

• My computer is a desktop computer of excellent quality.我的计算机是品质卓越的台式计算机。
• Do you know which one is better,a laptop or a desktop?你知道哪一种更好，笔记本还是台式机？

2 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

3 graphics   

n.制图法，制图学；图形显示

参考例句：

• You've leveraged your graphics experience into the video area.你们把图形设计业务的经验运用到录像业务中去。
• Improved graphics took computer games into a new era.经改进的制图技术将电脑游戏带进了一个新时代。

4 laborious   

adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅

参考例句：

• They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.他们接受了伐大树的艰苦工作。
• Ants and bees are laborious insects.蚂蚁与蜜蜂是勤劳的昆虫。

5 galley   

n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇；

参考例句：

• The stewardess will get you some water from the galley.空姐会从厨房给你拿些水来。
• Visitors can also go through the large galley where crew members got their meals.游客还可以穿过船员们用餐的厨房。

6 mingle   

vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往

参考例句：

• If we mingle with the crowd,we should not be noticed.如果我们混在人群中，就不会被注意到。
• Oil will not mingle with water.油和水不相融。

7 pervading   

v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• an all-pervading sense of gloom 无处不在的沮丧感
• a pervading mood of fear 普遍的恐惧情绪

8 wrangles   

n.（尤指长时间的）激烈争吵，口角，吵嘴( wrangle的名词复数 )v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• We avoided wrangles and got down to business. 他们避免了争吵开始做正事。 来自辞典例句
• They hope to see politicians in exciting wrangles and to get some fun out of politics. 他们期望政治人物进行有趣的战斗，期望从政治中获得娱乐。 来自互联网

9 flexibility   

n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性

参考例句：

• Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
• The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。

10 margins   

边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数

参考例句：

• They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
• To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙，加左或者右的margins来定义链接。

11 sages   

n.圣人( sage的名词复数 )；智者；哲人；鼠尾草（可用作调料）

参考例句：

• Homage was paid to the great sages buried in the city. 向安葬在此城市的圣哲们表示敬意。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Confucius is considered the greatest of the ancient Chinese sages. 孔子被认为是古代中国最伟大的圣人。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

12 input   

n.输入(物)；投入；vt.把(数据等)输入计算机

参考例句：

• I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
• All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。