托福阅读中表示逻辑关系的词

 　　英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列，比较，因果，递进，转折等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。新东方网托福频道为大家带来托福阅读中的逻辑关系词，希望大家可以将托福阅读逻辑关系词牢记在心。

　　1.因果(明显)

　　表示明显因果关系的词汇：

　　Therefore, due to, as, for, thus, hence, consequently, because (of), owing to, so (that), as a result, since…

　　2.因果(暗含)

　　2.1表示“由……而来”的词

　　Come from, result from, initiate¹ from, derive² from, originate from…

　　2.2表示“导致”的词

　　Spark, prompt, be responsible to, stimulate³, cause, make, render, spur, push, motivate,lead to, result in +结果, due to, thanks to,

　　2.3 其他

　　in that , now that, , in order that, on account of

　　3.转折与并列

　　3.1表示转折关系

　　In contrast (to), while, whereas，nevertheless, in spite of/despite, even if/even though, instead (of), but/yet, conversely, on the contrary, contrary to，different from/differ from, however, rather than, unlike, in fact, actually弱转

　　3.2表示并列关系

　　Or/and, vice⁴ versa, also/as well as, both…and…, either...or..., neither…nor…, in (the) the same way, equally, similarly/similar to, like/just like, likewise(同样的), while(与此同时), meanwhile(同时), not only...but also... , more...than

　　4.让步

　　although，though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyway, as while(虽然，尽管，即使)，still(尽管如此)

　　5.总分(举例&总结)

　　5.1举例：for example, for instance,such as, including

　　5.2总结：in sum, in general, overall, to sum up, on the whole, generally

　　6. 递进

　　still, also, indeed, furthermore(进一步), moreover(而且，此外), even(甚至，更),besides, additionally, in addition, what's more

　　7. 条件

　　表示条件概念的词：

　　If, supposing (that), providing / provided (that), as(so) long as, in case(if), on condition that…, unless, suppose (that), only if, when

　　8.比较结构(隐藏)

　　8.1比较级表示最高级

　　8.2自身含有最高级含义的词

　　Top, favorite, outstanding, maximum…

　　9.否定

　　9.1明显的否定关系词汇：No, not, never, deny, none, neither…

　　9.2暗含的否定关系词汇：little, few, fail to, absence from, lack (of), refuse to…

1 initiate   

vt.开始，创始，发动；启蒙，使入门；引入

参考例句：

• A language teacher should initiate pupils into the elements of grammar.语言老师应该把基本语法教给学生。
• They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics.他们想启动一次经济学讨论。

2 derive   

v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自

参考例句：

• We derive our sustenance from the land.我们从土地获取食物。
• We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels.我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。

3 stimulate   

vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋

参考例句：

• Your encouragement will stimulate me to further efforts.你的鼓励会激发我进一步努力。
• Success will stimulate the people for fresh efforts.成功能鼓舞人们去作新的努力。

4 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。