托福阅读修辞目的题方法解析

 　　修辞目的题是托福阅读经常考查的题型，下面小编将给大家介绍托福阅读修辞目的题的解题方法。

　　我们知道在语文中修辞的意思是："修"是修饰的意思，"辞"的本来意思是辩论的言词，修辞本义就是修饰言论。但是托福阅读中的修辞含义更广，根据官方 指南(official guide)的说法，这里的修辞是指"有效写作或演讲的艺术"，也就是说，某个具体信息可能是为了给某个观点举例子，下定义，或者是为了阐述、解释、对 比、反驳、强调、批评某个观点。而这里说的具体信息可能是一个词、一句话甚至是一个段落。另外，修辞目的题的提问方式也比较固定，即：Why does the author mention X in the paragraph 1? 或者是What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 1?

　　因此根据具体信息可能是一个词、一句话甚至是一个段落以及修辞目的题的提问方式，我们可以将修辞目的题分为两小类，第一小类：某个段落内某个具体信息在一个段落中的作用;第二小类：某个段落在整篇文章中的作用。我们先来看第一小类题。

　　根据第一小类题的特点，我们把这一类题目的解题技巧归纳为以下三个步骤：关键词定位，解析句群，核对选项。关键词定位，根据题干中提到的具体信息找到它在原文中出现的位置;解析句群，找到具体信息后，读具体信息所在的那一句话以及它的上下句，找到这个具体信息支撑的观点;核对选项，观点就是正确答案。 我们结合例题来看看这三个步骤具体怎么运用。

　　例题1：Passage Excerpt¹: Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker² of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained³ by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude⁴ upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance⁵, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof⁶.

　　Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?

　　To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome

　　To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics

　　To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics

　　To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology

　　首先我们根据题干中的关键词“in the early Italian Renaissance”定位到“For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof.”这一句话。在读懂这一句话后，我们发现这句话中有一个“for example”。很显然，作者写这一句是为了支撑前文提到的一个观点，而观点就是它的前一句话“These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.”最后根据我们对观点句的理解，核对选项。因此本题答案是第一个选项。

　　第二小类题目问的是文章中某个段落在文章中的作用。我们知道作者在一篇文章中写一个段落目的就是为了支撑整篇文章，换而言之，段落大意必然服务于文章大意。因此第二小类题做题技巧即为找段落大意，核对选项。我们还是结合例题来看看这两个步骤。

　　例题2：Passage Excerpt: Observational assessment⁷ techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant‘s responses, heart and respiration⁸ rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. As stimuli⁹ were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator¹⁰ of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.

　　What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 3?

　　To explain why researchers must conduct more than one type of study when they are attempting to understand infant perception.

　　To describe new techniques for observing infant perception that overcome problems identified in the previous paragraph.

　　To present and evaluate the conclusions of various studies on infant perception.

　　To point out the strengths and weaknesses of three new methods for quantifying an infant's reaction to stimuli.

　　大家读完这一段话后，应该很容易就能得到这一段话的段落大意，即该段第一句话。根据第一句话的意思，我们快速找到正确答案即第二个选项。

　　上面为大家讲解了新托福阅读修辞目的题的两小类题目，通过学习讲解到的它们各自的技巧，相信大家今后可以比较容易，比较快速地解决掉这一类题。

1 excerpt   

n.摘录，选录，节录

参考例句：

• This is an excerpt from a novel.这是一部小说的摘录。
• Can you excerpt something from the newspaper? 你能从报纸上选录些东西吗？

2 maker   

n.制造者，制造商

参考例句：

• He is a trouble maker，You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼，你不要跟他在一起。
• A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。

3 constrained   

adj.束缚的,节制的

参考例句：

• The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服，他觉得不得不接受。
• I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。

4 intrude   

vi.闯入；侵入；打扰，侵扰

参考例句：

• I do not want to intrude if you are busy.如果你忙我就不打扰你了。
• I don't want to intrude on your meeting.我不想打扰你们的会议。

5 renaissance   

n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴

参考例句：

• The Renaissance was an epoch of unparalleled cultural achievement.文艺复兴是一个文化上取得空前成就的时代。
• The theme of the conference is renaissance Europe.大会的主题是文艺复兴时期的欧洲。

6 hoof   

n.(马，牛等的)蹄

参考例句：

• Suddenly he heard the quick,short click of a horse's hoof behind him.突然间，他听见背后响起一阵急骤的马蹄的得得声。
• I was kicked by a hoof.我被一只蹄子踢到了。

7 assessment   

n.评价；评估；对财产的估价，被估定的金额

参考例句：

• This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
• What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何？

8 respiration   

n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用

参考例句：

• They tried artificial respiration but it was of no avail.他们试做人工呼吸，可是无效。
• They made frequent checks on his respiration,pulse and blood.他们经常检查他的呼吸、脉搏和血液。

9 stimuli   

n.刺激（物）

参考例句：

• It is necessary to curtail or alter normally coexisting stimuli.必需消除或改变正常时并存的刺激。
• My sweat glands also respond to emotional stimuli.我的汗腺对情绪刺激也能产生反应。

10 indicator   

n.指标；指示物，指示者；指示器

参考例句：

• Gold prices are often seen as an indicator of inflation.黃金价格常常被看作是通货膨胀的指标。
• His left-hand indicator is flashing.他左手边的转向灯正在闪亮。