托福阅读详解之关于建筑的一些事

 　architecture：n. 建筑

　　enclose：v. 围住，圈起，封入

　　practical：adj.实用的

　　symbolic¹：adj.象征的

　　directly：adv. 直接地

　　determine：v.决定

　　utilize²: v. 利用

　　achieve: v. 完成

　　seek: v. 寻找

　　shelter：v. 保护

　　enhance：v. 提高

　　contribute：v. 捐献，提供 (contribute to： v. 促成，有助于)

　　enrich：v. 使富有

　　complement³：v. 补充，补助;n. 补充物

　　feasible：adj. 可行的 注：考词汇题，等于

　　achievabledefine：v. 解释，限定，规定

　　contemporary：adj.当代的

　　trace：n.痕迹

　　be traced to：追溯到

　　meet: v. 满足

　　be based on: 根据

　　devise：v. 设计发明 注：考词汇题，等于

　　createin relation to：与…有关

　　in terms of: 根据，就…而言

　　deal with: 处理

　　withstand: v. 抵抗，反抗，承受

　　Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations⁴, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

　　Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes⁵ space, mass, texture⁶, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively⁷ seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre⁸ design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed⁹ in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

　　Sentences

　　P1

　　Architecture is the art and science of designing structures [that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.]建筑是一门【处于实用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的】艺术和科学。Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly [for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways].在所有的视觉艺术中，建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活，【因为他在很多方面决定了我们生存的环境特征】。

　　P2

　　Buildings contribute to human life [when they provide shelter,enrich space,complement their site,suit the climate,and are economically feasible].建筑物为人类的生活提供了遮蔽处，丰富了空间，增加了人们的活动场所，完善了人们的居住场所，适应了气候的变化，同时在经济上也可承受。The client [who pays for the building and defines its function]is an important member of the architectural team.在建筑团队中，最重要的是【那些为建筑支付建设费用并设计其功能的】人。

　　P3

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, [because they are based on physical laws], have changed little [since people first discovered them]—[even while building materials have changed dramatically. ]为了达到建筑的目的，一定的大小和强度是必须的。建筑采用的各种支撑方法【自从人们发现它们以来】很少有改变，【因为这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上】，【尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化】。

　　P1 建筑的定义。建筑是一门出于_____和______的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的____和_____。建筑可以清楚的传达_____。在所有的视觉艺术中，建筑____地影响了我们的生活。

　　P2 建筑的作用及影响者。建筑是一种利用_____、_____、_____、_____、_____和_____的三维立体形式。

　　P3 支撑方法的改进。建筑采用的支撑方法都建立在_____的基础上。

　Answers：P1：Art, science; practical and symbolic purposes; cultural values; directlyP2space, mass, texture, line, light, and colorP3physical laws

1 symbolic   

adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的

参考例句：

• It is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
• The Christian ceremony of baptism is a symbolic act.基督教的洗礼仪式是一种象征性的做法。

2 utilize   

vt.使用，利用

参考例句：

• The cook will utilize the leftover ham bone to make soup.厨师要用吃剩的猪腿骨做汤。
• You must utilize all available resources.你必须利用一切可以得到的资源。

3 complement   

n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足

参考例句：

• The two suggestions complement each other.这两条建议相互补充。
• They oppose each other also complement each other.它们相辅相成。

4 aspirations   

强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音

参考例句：

• I didn't realize you had political aspirations. 我没有意识到你有政治上的抱负。
• The new treaty embodies the aspirations of most nonaligned countries. 新条约体现了大多数不结盟国家的愿望。

5 utilizes   

v.利用，使用( utilize的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• One highly successful approach utilizes a triplet aspheric lens array. 一种很成功的方法是利用一个三合非球面透镜阵列。 来自辞典例句
• The first utilizes a blend of finely ground ceramic powders. 第一种用的是一种磨细的陶瓷粉末混合物。 来自辞典例句

6 texture   

n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理

参考例句：

• We could feel the smooth texture of silk.我们能感觉出丝绸的光滑质地。
• Her skin has a fine texture.她的皮肤细腻。

7 instinctively   

adv.本能地

参考例句：

• As he leaned towards her she instinctively recoiled. 他向她靠近，她本能地往后缩。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He knew instinctively where he would find her. 他本能地知道在哪儿能找到她。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 mediocre   

adj.平常的，普通的

参考例句：

• The student tried hard,but his work is mediocre. 该生学习刻苦，但学业平庸。
• Only lazybones and mediocre persons could hanker after the days of messing together.只有懒汉庸才才会留恋那大锅饭的年代。

9 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》