托福增强口语连贯性的六大原则

 　　“连贯性”是新托福口语评分标准中的一个非常重要的因素，它指的是托福口语答案中信息点之间的衔接是否自然流畅。以下归纳整理的资料可以帮助考生增强口语回答连贯性的六条指导原则。

　　1. 运用总分总的结构

　　Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:

　　Introductory statement

　　Point 1

　　Point 2

　　Point 3

　　Concluding statement

　　An example of this pattern is shown below:

　　Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.

　　1. way of obtaining specimens¹

　　2. spares can be released into the wild

　　3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators²

　　The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.

　　2. 运用连接词

　　Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:

　　In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.

　　These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:

　　In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.

　　3. 解释或定义陌生概念

　　In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:

　　My hobby is telemark skiing.

　　If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:

　　That means skiing using telemark skis.

　　Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:

　　1.State the word or phrase to be defined.

　　2.Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.

　　3.Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.

　　Read this example of an effective definition:

　　Telemark is a type of alpine³ skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at

　　the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.

　　4.正确使用平行结构

　　Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:

　　My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.

　　The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivating assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.

　　5.对关键词进行替换或同义转换

　　When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:

　　My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased⁴ the assignment after we had all done the assignment.

　　This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:

　　My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.

　　The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.

　　6.时态、人称和数量的统一

　　Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:

　　My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag.

　　The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural⁵ form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.

　　The listener could follow this speaker's ideas better if the speaker were consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:

　　One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave each group a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling the other members of the group a story involving that object.

　　以上就是增加口语连贯性的6个方法，口语的提高重在练习，要有一个英文环境对中国考生来说并不简单，那么我们就自己制造环境，多听英文歌，多看英文电影等等。

1 specimens   

n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人

参考例句：

• Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 宇航员从月球带回了岩石标本。
• The traveler brought back some specimens of the rocks from the mountains. 那位旅行者从山上带回了一些岩石标本。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 alpine   

adj.高山的；n.高山植物

参考例句：

• Alpine flowers are abundant there.那里有很多高山地带的花。
• Its main attractions are alpine lakes and waterfalls .它以高山湖泊和瀑布群为主要特色。

4 erased   

v.擦掉( erase的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；清除

参考例句：

• He erased the wrong answer and wrote in the right one. 他擦去了错误答案，写上了正确答案。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He removed the dogmatism from politics; he erased the party line. 他根除了政治中的教条主义，消除了政党界限。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 plural   

n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的

参考例句：

• Most plural nouns in English end in's '.英语的复数名词多以s结尾。
• Here you should use plural pronoun.这里你应该用复数代词。