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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Only when a system possesses natural
or artificial boundaries that associate
the water within it with the hydrologic
cycle may the entire system properly be
(30) termed hydrogeologic.
只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限，将该系统内的水与水文循环起来，这整个系统方能被恰当地称为与水文地质学相关。
The historian Frederick J. Turner
wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian
discontent that had been developing
steadily in the United States since
(5) about 1870 had been precipitated by the
closing of the internal frontier--that
is, the depletion of available new land
needed for further expansion of the
American farming system.
史学家弗雷德里克·杰·特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
In the early 1950’s, historians who
studied preindustrial Europe (which we
may define here as Europe in the period
from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for
(5) the first time in large numbers, to
investigate more of the preindustrial
European population than the 2 or 3
percent who comprised the political
and social elite: the kings, generals,
(10) judges, nobles, bishops, and local
magnates who had hitherto usually
filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie
have used the documents to extract case
histories, which have illuminated the
attitudes of different social groups
(40) (these attitudes include, but are not
confined to, attitudes toward crime and
the law) and have revealed how the
authorities administered justice.
象勒罗伊·拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
My point is that its central
consciousness—its profound
(20) understanding of class and gender
as shaping influences on people’s
lives—owes much to that earlier
literary heritage, a heritage that,
in general, has not been sufficiently
(25) valued by most contemporary literary
critics.
我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。
or artificial boundaries that associate
the water within it with the hydrologic
cycle may the entire system properly be
(30) termed hydrogeologic.
只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限，将该系统内的水与水文循环起来，这整个系统方能被恰当地称为与水文地质学相关。
The historian Frederick J. Turner
wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian
discontent that had been developing
steadily in the United States since
(5) about 1870 had been precipitated by the
closing of the internal frontier--that
is, the depletion of available new land
needed for further expansion of the
American farming system.
史学家弗雷德里克·杰·特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
In the early 1950’s, historians who
studied preindustrial Europe (which we
may define here as Europe in the period
from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for
(5) the first time in large numbers, to
investigate more of the preindustrial
European population than the 2 or 3
percent who comprised the political
and social elite: the kings, generals,
(10) judges, nobles, bishops, and local
magnates who had hitherto usually
filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie
have used the documents to extract case
histories, which have illuminated the
attitudes of different social groups
(40) (these attitudes include, but are not
confined to, attitudes toward crime and
the law) and have revealed how the
authorities administered justice.
象勒罗伊·拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
My point is that its central
consciousness—its profound
(20) understanding of class and gender
as shaping influences on people’s
lives—owes much to that earlier
literary heritage, a heritage that,
in general, has not been sufficiently
(25) valued by most contemporary literary
critics.
我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。
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