王逢鑫教授：“恶性竞争”的 英文表达

　　句子：最近，这两家公司一直在搞恶性竞争，而不是良性竞争。

　　误译：Recently, the two companies have been carrying on a malignant¹ competition, instead of a virtuous² one。

　　正译：

　　1) Recently, the two companies have been carrying on a malignant competition, instead of a benign³ one。

　　2)Recently, the two companies have been carrying on a vicious competition, instead of a virtuous one。

　　解释：malignant 的反义词是benign，如“恶性肿瘤”是malignant tumour⁴，而“良性肿瘤”是benign tumour。vicious 的反义词是 virtuous，如“恶性循环”是vicious circle，而“良性循环”是

　　virtuous circle。表示“恶性竞争”和“良性竞争”时，要用malignant competition和benign competition，或 vicious competition和 virtuous competition，不可混淆。

　　“恶性”的意思是“能产生严重或危险后果的”。英语可以译为vicious, malignant, pernicious, grave, cutthroat。例如：

　　1. 圈地的后果是将贫穷农民陷入贫困的恶性循环。The effect of the land enclosure was to leave the poor peasants in a vicious circle of poverty。

　　2. 中药治疗恶性肿瘤有其独特的优势。The treatment of malignant tumour with traditional Chinese medicine has its unique advantage。

　　3. 大学生毕业后面临着恶性竞争。University students are confronted with cutthroat competition after graduation。

　　“恶性通货膨胀”可译为 galloping⁵ inflation, runaway⁶ inflation, rampant⁷ inflation, malignant inflation, vicious inflation, virulent⁸ inflation, boiling inflation, hyperinflation。

　　例如：

　　4. 政府已采取有效措施遏制恶性通货膨胀。The government has taken effective measures to curb/check/halt/curtail the galloping inflation。

　　5. 这次加息的目的是为了防止恶性通货膨胀。The increase in interest rates this time is for the purpose of preventing malignant inflation.

1 malignant   

adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的

参考例句：

• Alexander got a malignant slander.亚历山大受到恶意的诽谤。
• He started to his feet with a malignant glance at Winston.他爬了起来，不高兴地看了温斯顿一眼。

2 virtuous   

adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的

参考例句：

• She was such a virtuous woman that everybody respected her.她是个有道德的女性，人人都尊敬她。
• My uncle is always proud of having a virtuous wife.叔叔一直为娶到一位贤德的妻子而骄傲。

3 benign   

adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的

参考例句：

• The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
• Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。

4 tumour   

n.(tumor)(肿)瘤，肿块

参考例句：

• The surgeons operated on her for a tumour.外科医生为她施行了肿瘤切除手术。
• The tumour constricts the nerves.肿瘤压迫神经。

5 galloping   

adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• The horse started galloping the moment I gave it a good dig. 我猛戳了马一下，它就奔驰起来了。
• Japan is galloping ahead in the race to develop new technology. 日本在发展新技术的竞争中进展迅速，日新月异。

6 runaway   

n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的

参考例句：

• The police have not found the runaway to date.警察迄今没抓到逃犯。
• He was praised for bringing up the runaway horse.他勒住了脱缰之马受到了表扬。

7 rampant   

adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的

参考例句：

• Sickness was rampant in the area.该地区疾病蔓延。
• You cannot allow children to rampant through the museum.你不能任由小孩子在博物馆里乱跑。

8 virulent   

adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的

参考例句：

• She is very virulent about her former employer.她对她过去的老板恨之入骨。
• I stood up for her despite the virulent criticism.尽管她遭到恶毒的批评，我还是维护她。