英语翻译：国务院新闻办公室文件——中国核应急2

 　　I.Current Situation of Nuclear EnergyDevelopment and Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness一、核能发展与核应急基本形势

　　It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked¹ on itsnuclear industry. Over the past more than sixdecades China has made constant endeavors in thepeaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting theextensive application of nuclear technologies tosuch areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, theenvironment and energy. In particular, since theintroduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China’s nuclear energy sectorhas seen particularly rapid development.

　　20世纪50年代中期，中国创建核工业。60多年来，中国致力于和平利用核能事业，发展推动核技术在工业、农业、医学、环境、能源等领域广泛应用。特别是改革开放以来，中国核能事业得到更大发展。

　　The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component³ of China’s nuclearenergy sector². Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. Chinahas consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development andsafety, and implemented⁴ the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient mannerby adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent⁵ standards. In March 1985construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainlandof China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating unitshad been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nucleargenerating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction.China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor⁶ (PWR) andHigh Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary⁷ intellectualproperty rights. Constructionof the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours,signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors⁸.

　　发展核电是中国核能事业的重要组成部分。核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。中国坚持发展与安全并重原则，执行安全高效发展核电政策，采用最先进的技术、最严格的标准发展核电。1985年3月，中国大陆第一座核电站——秦山核电站破土动工。截至2015年10月底，中国大陆运行核电机组27台，总装机容量2550万千瓦;在建核电机组25台，总装机容量2751万千瓦。中国开发出具有自主知识产权的大型先进压水堆、高温气冷堆核电技术。“华龙一号”核电技术示范工程投入建设。中国实验快堆实现满功率稳定运行72小时，标志着已经掌握快堆关键技术。

　　With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency workhave seen steady synchronous⁹ reinforcement. China’s nuclear facilities and nuclear activitieshave all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclearpower stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generatingunits in China’s mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under theInternational Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous¹⁰ andliquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-constructionnuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision¹¹ andemergency preparedness systems.

　　伴随着核能事业的发展，核安全与核应急同步得到加强。中国的核设施、核活动始终保持安全稳定状态，特别是核电安全水平不断提高。中国大陆所有运行核电机组未发生过国际核与辐射事件分级表二级以上事件和事故，气态和液态流出物排放远低于国家标准限值。在建核电机组质量保证、安全监管、应急准备体系完整。

　　China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highlyresponsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclearemergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work intandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake ofthe Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear powerdevelopment policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergencypreparedness - with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated andcommissioned to make overall planning and coordinate¹² nuclear accident emergencypreparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated¹³ the Regulations onEmergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclearemergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario)was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in theform of a governmental decision. To cater¹⁴ to the needs of nuclear power development,multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of NationalNuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted¹⁵. At present, China’s nuclear emergencymanagement and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system,specialization, standards and scientific rigor¹⁶.

　　中国高度重视核应急，始终以对人民安全和社会安全高度负责的态度强化核应急管理。早在作出发展核电决策之时就同步部署安排核应急工作。切尔诺贝利核事故发生后，中国明确表示发展核电方针不变，强调必须做好核应急准备，1986年即开展国家核应急工作。1991年，成立国家核事故应急委员会，统筹协调全国核事故应急准备和救援工作。1993年，发布《核电厂核事故应急管理条例》，对核应急作出基本规范。1997年，发布第一部《国家核应急计划(预案)》，对核应急准备与响应作出部署，之后，为适应核能发展需要，多次进行修订形成《国家核应急预案》。目前，中国核应急管理与准备工作的体系化、专业化、规范化、科学化水平全面提升。

　　Under China’s medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operationnuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus anadditional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have beenmade to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associatedindustrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensurethat nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in theinternational market, thereby¹⁷ meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country.Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confrontedwith shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, neededprofessionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by othercountries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergencymanagement and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation,scientific and technological¹⁸ innovation, and management innovation.

　　按照中国核电中长期发展规划目标，到2020年，中国大陆运行核电装机容量将达到5800万千瓦，在建3000万千瓦左右;到2030年，力争形成能够体现世界核电发展方向的科技研发体系和配套工业体系，核电技术装备在国际市场占据相当份额，全面实现建设核电强国目标。面对核能事业发展新形势新挑战，中国核应急在技术、装备、人才、能力、标准等方面还存在一定不足，这也是其他国家在开发利用核能进程中面临的共同课题。中国将通过理念创新、科技创新、管理创新，不断强化国家核应急管理，把核应急提高到新水平。

　　II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness二、核应急方针政策

　　As a large developing country, China has laid down basic guidelines and policies applicable tonuclear emergency preparedness through enactment¹⁹ of laws, administrative²⁰ regulations andissuance of government decrees in the course of nuclear energy development.

　　中国是发展中大国，在发展核能进程中，通过制定法律、行政法规和发布政令等方式，确定核应急基本方针政策。

　　The basic objectives of nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: scientific coordinationaccording to law, timely and effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximallycontrolling/mitigating or eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities andproperty damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order andsafeguarding the people’s safety and national security.

　　中国核应急基本目标是：依法科学统一、及时有效应对处置核事故，最大程度控制、缓解或消除事故，减轻事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失，保护公众，保护环境，维护社会秩序，保障人民安全和国家安全。

　　The basic policy of nuclear emergency management in China is: constant vigilance, versatilecompatibility, unified²³ command, active coordination²¹, public safeguard and environmentalprotection.

　　中国核应急基本方针是：常备不懈、积极兼容，统一指挥、大力协同，保护公众、保护环境。

　　Constant vigilance, versatile²² compatibility. Nuclear emergency organizations at all levelsshould stay alert and vigilant²⁴ at all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclearaccidents at any time. A nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuringcoordination of dedicated²⁵ and standby systems, rational deployment²⁶ of resources,combination of routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration²⁷ ofcivilian and military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency workmust be planned and deployed²⁸ in an overall manner together with other activities andimplemented compatibly with them.

　　常备不懈、积极兼容。各级核应急组织以“养兵千日，用兵一时”的态度，充分准备，随时应对可能发生的核事故。建立健全专兼配合、资源整合、平战结合、军民融合的核应急准备与响应体系。核应急与其他工作统筹规划、统筹部署、兼容实施。

　　Unified command, active coordination. Operators of nuclear installations shall coordinateand direct on-site nuclear accident emergency response actions in a unified manner, andgovernments at all levels shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency responseactions within their respective jurisdictions³⁰ in a unified manner. Under the unifiedorganization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency organizations, relevantdepartments, relevant enterprises, professional teams, social organizations and militaryrescue units shall work in coordination with one another in a joint³¹ effort to complete nuclearaccident emergency response actions.

　　统一指挥、大力协同。核设施营运单位统一协调指挥场内核事故应急响应行动，各级政府统一协调指挥本级管辖区域内核事故应急响应行动。在政府统一组织指挥下，核应急组织、相关部门、相关企业、专业力量、社会组织以及军队救援力量等协同配合，共同完成核事故应急响应行动。

　　Public safeguard and environmental protection. Public safeguard constitutes thefundamental objective of nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent³² upon us totake the attitude and actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear accidents.Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental requirement of nuclearemergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is made to minimize the release ofradioactive substances and do our best to control, mitigate³³ and eliminate damages to theenvironment.

　　保护公众、保护环境。把保护公众作为核应急的根本宗旨，以一切为了人民的态度和行动应对处置核事故。把保护环境作为核应急的根本要求，尽可能把核事故造成的放射性物质释放降到最小，最大程度控制、减轻或消除对环境的危害。

　　The basic principles underlying³⁴ nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: unifiedleadership, different levels of responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between thelocality and the military, quick response, and scientific handling.

　　中国核应急基本原则是：统一领导、分级负责，条块结合、军地协同，快速反应、科学处置。

　　Unified leadership, different levels of responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the centralgovernment, China has established a nuclear emergency management system featuringassignment of responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant nuclearinstallation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency work. The people’sgovernment at the provincial³⁵ level is the major body of accountability for off-site emergencyactivities in its jurisdiction²⁹.

　　统一领导、分级负责。在中央政府统一领导下，中国建立分级负责的核应急管理体系。核设施营运单位是核事故场内应急工作责任主体。省级人民政府是本行政区域核事故场外应急工作责任主体。

　　Tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military. Nuclear emergencyinvolves the central and the local, the military and the government, on-site and off-site,specialized techniques and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold theprinciples of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual³⁶ support, mutualcoordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times.

　　条块结合、军地协同。核应急涉及中央与地方、军队与政府、场内与场外、专业技术与社会管理等方面，必须坚持统筹兼顾、相互配合、大力协同、综合施救。

　　Quick response, scientific handling. When a nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclearemergency organizations shall be mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control andmitigate the accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Everyeffort shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to nuclearaccidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations³⁷ to enable scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an effective manner, includingradiation monitoring, worksite rescue, decontamination and cleansing³⁸, radiation protectionand medical treatment, and so forth³⁹.

　　快速反应、科学处置。核事故发生后，各级核应急组织及早介入，迅速控制缓解事故，减轻对公众和环境的影响。遵循应对处置核事故特点规律，组织开展分析研判，科学决策，有效实施辐射监测、工程抢险、去污洗消、辐射防护、医学救援等响应行动。

 

1 embarked   

乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事

参考例句：

• We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. 我们站在突码头上目送他们登船。
• She embarked on a discourse about the town's origins. 她开始讲本市的起源。

2 sector   

n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形

参考例句：

• The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
• The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。

3 component   

n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的

参考例句：

• Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
• Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。

4 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

5 stringent   

adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的

参考例句：

• Financiers are calling for a relaxation of these stringent measures.金融家呼吁对这些严厉的措施予以放宽。
• Some of the conditions in the contract are too stringent.合同中有几项条件太苛刻。

6 reactor   

n.反应器；反应堆

参考例句：

• The atomic reactor generates enormous amounts of thermal energy.原子反应堆发出大量的热能。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules.在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

7 proprietary   

n.所有权，所有的；独占的；业主

参考例句：

• We had to take action to protect the proprietary technology.我们必须采取措施保护专利技术。
• Proprietary right is the foundation of jus rerem.所有权是物权法之根基。

8 reactors   

起反应的人( reactor的名词复数 )； 反应装置； 原子炉； 核反应堆

参考例句：

• The TMI nuclear facility has two reactors. 三哩岛核设施有两个反应堆。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
• The earliest production reactors necessarily used normal uranium as fuel. 最早为生产用的反应堆，必须使用普通铀作为燃料。

9 synchronous   

adj.同步的

参考例句：

• The message can be used only with synchronous operations.消息只能与同步操作一起使用。
• Synchronous machines do not easily fall out of step under normal conditions.在正常情况下，同步电机不易失去同步。

10 gaseous   

adj.气体的，气态的

参考例句：

• Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气，无论是气态的或是液态的，都是一种流体。
• Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。

11 supervision   

n.监督，管理

参考例句：

• The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
• The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。

12 coordinate   

adj.同等的，协调的；n.同等者；vt.协作，协调

参考例句：

• You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
• Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。

13 promulgated   

v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等）

参考例句：

• Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达３０余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
• The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句

14 cater   

vi.(for/to)满足，迎合；(for)提供饮食及服务

参考例句：

• I expect he will be able to cater for your particular needs.我预计他能满足你的特殊需要。
• Most schools cater for children of different abilities.大多数学校能够满足具有不同天资的儿童的需要。

15 enacted   

制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
• Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

16 rigor   

n.严酷，严格，严厉

参考例句：

• Their analysis lacks rigor.他们的分析缺乏严谨性。||The crime will be treated with the full rigor of the law.这一罪行会严格依法审理。

17 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

18 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

19 enactment   

n.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过

参考例句：

• Enactment refers to action.演出指行为的表演。
• We support the call for the enactment of a Bill of Rights.我们支持要求通过《权利法案》的呼声。

20 administrative   

adj.行政的，管理的

参考例句：

• The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
• He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。

21 coordination   

n.协调，协作

参考例句：

• Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
• The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好，使演出更具魅力。

22 versatile   

adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的

参考例句：

• A versatile person is often good at a number of different things.多才多艺的人通常擅长许多种不同的事情。
• He had been one of the game's most versatile athletes.他是这项运动中技术最全面的运动员之一。

23 unified   

(unify 的过去式和过去分词)； 统一的； 统一标准的； 一元化的

参考例句：

• The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
• The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。

24 vigilant   

adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的

参考例句：

• He has to learn how to remain vigilant through these long nights.他得学会如何在这漫长的黑夜里保持警觉。
• The dog kept a vigilant guard over the house.这只狗警醒地守护着这所房屋。

25 dedicated   

adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的

参考例句：

• He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
• His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。

26 deployment   

n. 部署,展开

参考例句：

• He has inquired out the deployment of the enemy troops. 他已查出敌军的兵力部署情况。
• Quality function deployment (QFD) is a widely used customer-driven quality, design and manufacturing management tool. 质量功能展开(quality function deployment,QFD)是一个广泛应用的顾客需求驱动的设计、制造和质量管理工具。

27 integration   

n.一体化，联合，结合

参考例句：

• We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.我们正在努力实现欧盟內部更加紧密的政治一体化。
• This was the greatest event in the annals of European integration.这是欧洲统一史上最重大的事件。

28 deployed   

（尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用

参考例句：

• Tanks have been deployed all along the front line. 沿整个前线已部署了坦克。
• The artillery was deployed to bear on the fort. 火炮是对着那个碉堡部署的。

29 jurisdiction   

n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权

参考例句：

• It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
• Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。

30 jurisdictions   

司法权( jurisdiction的名词复数 )； 裁判权； 管辖区域； 管辖范围

参考例句：

• Butler entreated him to remember the act abolishing the heritable jurisdictions. 巴特勒提醒他注意废除世袭审判权的国会法令。
• James I personally adjudicated between the two jurisdictions. 詹姆士一世亲自裁定双方纠纷。

31 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

32 incumbent   

adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的

参考例句：

• He defeated the incumbent governor by a large plurality.他以压倒多数票击败了现任州长。
• It is incumbent upon you to warn them.你有责任警告他们。

33 mitigate   

vt.（使）减轻，（使）缓和

参考例句：

• The government is trying to mitigate the effects of inflation.政府正试图缓和通货膨胀的影响。
• Governments should endeavour to mitigate distress.政府应努力缓解贫困问题。

34 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

35 provincial   

adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
• Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。

36 mutual   

adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的

参考例句：

• We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
• Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。

37 evaluations   

估价( evaluation的名词复数 )； 赋值； 估计价值； [医学]诊断

参考例句：

• In fact, our moral evaluations are merely expressions of our desires. 事实上，我们的道德评价只是我们欲望的表达形式。 来自哲学部分
• Properly speaking, however, these evaluations and insights are not within the concept of official notice. 但准确地讲，这些评估和深远见识并未包括在官方通知概念里。

38 cleansing   

n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词

参考例句：

• medicated cleansing pads for sensitive skin 敏感皮肤药物清洗棉
• Soap is not the only cleansing agent. 肥皂并不是唯一的清洁剂。

39 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。