Lesson 19 English Social Differences 英国社会的差异
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyal ties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.
professional n. 职业的 cultivate vt. 培养
hobby n. 业余爱好 eccentricity n. 怪癖
cast a fly 垂钓 diplomatic service 外交部门
govern vt. 治理 adequacy n. 适当
grave a. 严重的 sufficiently ad. 充分地
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信
devoted a. 热心的 excessive a. 过分的
incurable a. 不可救药的 neotism n. 裙带关系
discount vt. 看轻 mystic a. 神秘的
entity n. 存在，本质 narrowness n. 狭隘
quality n. 品质 estate n. 社会阶层
realm n. 王国 realism n. 现实主义 adjust vt. 使适应
privilege n. 特权 relevant a. 有关的 difference n. 差异
1.professional n. 职业的 通常略写为prof [反]amateur
[辨异]profession, occupation, job
profession “专业”，强调highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer, architect
occupation: normal and general, everybody can have an occupation.
job不仅指工作，还可以表示干活，例如家务活。
You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 职业学校
2.cultivate vt. 培养 [同]nurture, develop, foster
cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教养。
3.hobby n. 业余爱好
[辨异]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
mania 颠狂，狂热，癖好 hobby n. 业余爱好
pastime 消遣 diversion 消遣，指转移注意力，换换脑筋。
4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
concentric 同轴的，同心的
[辨异]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish异国风味的,奇异的,古怪的 outlandish clothes奇装异服
grotesque 怪诞的，艺术、美术、文学中的怪异派、怪异的作品
5.cast a fly 垂钓[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠闲垂钓)
cast a net 撒网，为了生存捕鱼
6.diplomatic service 外交部门
airline service航空公司 travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一个左右逢源的人。 He is a philosopher.
他是一个夸夸其谈的人。
7.govern vt. 治理
government/governing body 政府 governor 州长
governess 女家教 benevolent government 仁政
8.adequacy n. 适当 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate
He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.
他常常怀疑他是不是够格做父亲。
[辨异]deficient, sparse, meager
deficient没有足够的，缺乏的
sparse 稀少 meager 贫乏的,不充分的,不足的 The food is meager for winter.
9.grave a. 严重的
[同]solemn, serious, severe have one foot in the grave 来日不多了
grave situation 严峻的形势 gravity 地球引力，严重
10.disbelieve vt. 不相信
dis- 多做动词的反义词 disappear 消失 disbelieve 不相信
11.devoted a. 热心的
[同]committed, dedicated
devote v. devote oneself to sth be devoted to sth
[注意]to后面一定要用名词或动名词
He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。
She is devoted to her children. 她太溺爱孩子了。
这里，devoted相当于spoil, pamper
12.excessive a. 过分的
[同]immoderate [反]moderate
Excessive studying bores/tires me.
过多的学习使我厌倦/疲惫不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health.
过度吸烟有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous.
extreme 极端的
13.incurable a. 不可救药的
cure 治疗
cure sb 为某人治病
cure sb of 治某人的……病
curable 可治疗的
to breathe one’s last 奄奄一息
He is beyond cure/remedy.
他不行了/不可救了。
引申为他不可救药了。=He is rotten to the core.
People heat him to death.
人们都恨死他了。
I’m hungry to death.
我都快饿死了。
[注意]不能说成I starve to death.
14.neotism n. 裙带关系
It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man in the high position or promoting the people closest to him
backdoor “后门”
15.discount vt. 看轻
count 数
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
discount 打折 以物做宾语
I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做宾语
16.mystic a. 神秘的,带有宗教色彩
mysterious则不带宗教色彩
occult 神秘的，玄妙的
supernatural 超自然的
metaphysical 形而上学的
Garden of Eden 伊甸园
nether world 阴间
heavenly world 天堂
17.narrowness n. 狭隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狭窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted.
他目光短浅。
narrow escape 九死一生
18.quality n. 品质
He is a man of quality. 他是一个高尚的人。
a lady of quality 贵妇
19.estate n. 社会阶层，房地产
class, hierarchy, stratification
都有阶层的意思。
real estate 不动产
personal estate 动产
estate agent 房地产商
20.realm n. 王国(抽象概念)
kingdom 具体概念
mental realm 思想境界
literature realm 文学界
flim/movie realm 电影界
[辨异]estate, domaln, sphere
estate 社会阶层
domaln
donaln name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球体，球面，范围，领域
realism n. 现实主义
realistic 现实主义的性格
realist 现实主义者[反]idealist理想主义者
21.adjust vt. 使适应
adjust oneself tonew environment
be adjust to
He is well adjustd.
他好相处。
22.privilege n. 特权，英国英语常用
有特权的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)议员
privileged class 特权阶层
underprivileged class 弱势阶层
privileged car/cab 专车
23.relevant a. 有关的
be relevant to 和…
24.difference n. 差异
make no difference 没关系
It makes no difference wheather you come or not.
make difference 关系重大
different from（英式英语）=different than (美式英语)
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.?尥荇憷髯??癞羽钴。?嘴钴腧拗憷“?尥”憷?哝吸?钴，憷烷憝嘴钴?啶。
2.in a professional way=professional
3.be allowed：绅士这一阶层受社会的约束，不是随便什么都可以做的。
practise:从事
practise law= to be a lawyer
practise medicine= to be a doctor
vocation: 职业 to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.这句话的意思是：绅士是绝对不能脱离他的阶层，不允许mix with the masses(与大众为伍),否则就会很庸俗。
4.ride:骑马
navy:海军
army:陆军
5.rule:治国
6.political economy:政治经济学
less about:更不要提
=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂数学，就更别提英语了。
7.learning:学术
sport:指前面说的” ride and shoot and cast a fly”
8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物不无美德，而是他们是否胜任其职务。
set for society:做后置定语
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 阶层
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but
His success is not by talent so much as by energy.
他的成功不是来自天赋而是来自勤奋。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.
重要的不是时间而是如何利用它。
It is the man that behind the gun tells.
胜败在人而不在武器。
adequate:能力
function:功能
9.arise= apper,常搭配副词here, there
want：需求
pursue: 追求
10.attend to= be concerned with 关注
attend to 后面只能跟名词、动名词
While I am out/away, please attend to my house.
当我不在时，请帮我照看一下家。
11.in finance and method of production:金融和生产方法
12.widespread: 普遍的
discounting ability:轻视才能
character= nature
in a gentleman’s mouth:在绅士的嘴里
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己传统上所拥有的品质
13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社会职责
be loyal to 对……忠诚
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到这个王国中的基本社会阶层的对立面上去。
range: 排列
range against: 作对
incapable of that imaginative realism:无法接受充满想像力的现实
14.admit= demand 要求
institution= custom 社会习俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作为……的权力
took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英语用法，相当于今天的took as
he is taken as a black sheep.
他被看作是害群之马。
right:权利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通过提供证据说明此项权力与社会福利直接有关才能得到
15.Lord Curzon, Miceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in 1903:派往印度的总督Curzon勋爵授予印度本土国王Cochin“印度之星”。
invest in:投资
invest with:授予
Lord:爵士，勋爵
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